Racial Disparities

Sally,

Great work with your post! Racial disparities have been studied regarding primary care both at the private offices and the community health centers. Historically, the outpatient departments and the ED have been used by African Americans at rates higher than those recorded among Whites. Conversely, African Americans have preferred private physicians at only two-thirds of the rate Whites seek medical help (Arnett et al., 2016). The preferential use of non-primary care sites as the source of care restricts African Americans’ relative exposure to the primary care experiences’ potential preventive health benefits. Additionally, the preferential use of non-primary care sites, such as the ED, correlates to poor health outcomes compared to Whites in several different illnesses, thus placing African Americans at a disadvantage.

Several studies have also established racial and medical disparities, with African Americans reporting higher levels and rates of mistrust than Whites. This is why medical doubt has been proposed as a possible explanation for present and point of future exploration into the care disparity’s usual source. Medical doubt has also been linked to higher ED utilization rates, lower preventive service utilization rates, and fewer behaviors on health-seeking (Cuevas et al., 2016). Emerging evidence suggests that residential segregation can confound the link between healthcare utilization and medical mistrust.

Segregation disadvantages different African-American communities, which are highly segregated by concentrating on uninsured status and poverty (Cornell et al., 2019). At the individual level, this results in a lack of resources such as educational opportunities, financial capital, and provided insurance, typically enabling and predisposing a person to use primary care. Segregation, independent of individual factors, interacts at the neighborhood level with race. The uninsured status concentration results in fewer primary care physicians in the segregated African-American communities compared to the less segregated White communities.

References

Arnett, M. J., Thorpe, R. J., Jr, Gaskin, D. J., Bowie, J. V., & LaVeist, T. A. (2016). Race, Medical Mistrust, and Segregation in Primary Care as Usual Source of Care: Findings from the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Study. Journal of urban health: bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 93(3), 456–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0054-9

Connell, C. L., Wang, S. C., Crook, L., & Yadrick, K. (2019). Barriers to healthcare seeking and provision among African American adults in the rural Mississippi delta region: Community and provider perspectives. Journal of Community Health, 44(4), 636-645.

Cuevas, A. G., O’Brien, K., & Saha, S. (2016). African American experiences in healthcare: “I always feel like I’m getting skipped over.” Health Psychology, 35(9), 987.

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Racial Disparities

Religion is described as a language, righteousness, education, kinship, social relationship, and behavior pattern for African Americans. African spirituality acknowledges that beliefs and practices touch on and tell every aspect of human life. Therefore, they cannot separate religion daily (Chirozazzi, 2019). According to Swihart et al. (2021), the diversity of religions within our world’s population challenges healthcare providers and systems to deliver culturally competent medical care. Cultural competence is the gift of health providers and organizations to provide health care services that satisfy patients’ cultural, social, and religious requirements and their families. Many research types have reported that African-American populations delay preventive healthcare more often due to medical mistrust and racism (Powell et al., 2019). Improving preventive health screening with African Americans needs to discuss medical suspicion and discrimination in and outside healthcare organizations. Culturally competent care can help grow my future advanced nursing role as a new nurse practitioner to improve patient quality and care issues for the African-American population. Strategies that also help me achieve these goals involve giving quality care, overcoming racial and ethnic health inequalities, and promoting policies and procedures that limit barriers to implementing culturally competent patient care.

References

Chiorazzi, A. (2019, March 22). The spirituality of Africa. Retrieved March 26, 2021, from https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/

Powell W, Richmond J, Mohottige D, Yen I, Joslyn A, Corbie-Smith G. Medical Mistrust, Racism, and Delays in Preventive Health Screening Among African-American Men.