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Examining scientific articles

September 20, 2024/in Uncategorized /by bonniejecinta

This week, we further examined how to read scientific articles. In addition, you should have a solid understanding of what constitutes experimental control (clearly established variables and a solid research question). Read the article from Leaf et al. Download Leaf et al. and identify the following:

What is the purpose of the study?
What is the independent and dependent variable?
What is the experimental question? What kind of experimental question is it?
Based on the Discussion section of this article, formulate an original experimental question that could be used as a follow up study.

Article and rubric attached: This is a behavior analysis class

Check for AI and Plagiarism

The Shift Towards Specialization and Advanced Practice

April 5, 2024/0 Comments/in Uncategorized /by bonniejecinta

1. Introduction

Specialization refers to the process of becoming an expert in a particular field, instead of focusing on a wide range of tasks. With advancements in science and technology, there has been a growing trend towards specialization in various areas, such as medicine, business, and education. This has also led to the development of specific advanced practice roles in different industries. Advanced practice is a term used to describe a level of practice, rather than a specific role. Such roles are ‘advanced’ as they require higher levels of decision-making and more autonomy. Advanced practice is not just limited to the medical profession. We can see this type of practice in social work, nursing, and other health and social care professions. In recent years, advanced practice roles have been developed in sectors such as paramedics and occupational therapists. The growth of advanced practice roles in the health sector reflects the demand for expert professionals who can support and complement medical services. This has been seen as a way to modernize healthcare systems and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of patient care. Advances in medicine and changes to the workings of the healthcare industry have allowed some medical professionals to move away from traditional, multidisciplinary roles and increase their level of specialization. One of the main reasons for this shift is the recognition that specialists who focus solely on one area are able to develop their expertise and provide a more efficient and high-quality service. As well as improved patient care, the adoption of advanced specialist practitioner roles has been identified as a method to ease demand on more traditional healthcare services. These have additional benefits for the wider healthcare system, including reduced waiting times and better integration between primary and secondary health services. Specialization in medicine is quite advanced. For example, in the field of surgery alone, we have specialists in orthopedic surgery, cosmetic surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, and neurosurgery. Various medical scientists have made significant contributions in highly specialized areas such as genetics, molecular biology, and the study of abnormal genes found in genetic disorders. This allows for further sub-specialization as well. The law is another area for great specialization. With the increasing globalization and commercialization of today’s world economies, it is inevitable that lawyers have been willing to specialize in a career in international business or trade law. In education, teachers have shown to become better skilled in their subject areas when they are given professional development in a particular area of the curriculum. Resistance to move away from old belief systems. The process of specialization requires individuals to give up the familiarity of general knowledge in a particular area in favor of seeking expertise in a smaller subfield. However, many may be afraid to give up that general knowledge around which their personal identity and professional work revolves. This is especially true when their employment requires versatility, such as a general practitioner in the medical field or a family attorney. Also, there is the understanding that the process of specialization comes with the appeal of prestige, recognition, and even financial incentives. However, it is difficult for individuals to avoid being influenced by these potential benefits and seek specialization even where it may not be necessary or productive.

1.1 Definition of Specialization

Specialization can be better understood by first defining what general practice is. General practice refers to a standard or routine practice and views things in a broad perspective. In medicine, for instance, general practitioners treat all acute and chronic illnesses, and provide preventive care and health education for all ages and both sexes. On the other hand, specialists focus on a specific disease and treatment, such as cardiologists who only treat heart-related illnesses, and provide a high level of patient care. Advanced practice nurses, as mentioned, are more specialized in a certain area. They should have the expertise in research and theory, and clinical and technical knowledge in their specialized area of practice such as psychiatric, adult health, oncology, pediatrics, or family health. Any nurses who want to gain specialization in a certain area need to acquire accredited post-basic programs for the specialty and pass the examination recognized by their respective professional groups. Such programs will train students to become specialists and to supervise nursing activities in both hospitals and the community and also to consult in their area of specialization. Ongoing clinical management by authority and continuous supervision to practice are required to ensure graduates’ safe practice. Specialized nurses are capable of performing many more complicated diagnostic and invasive procedures than a general nurse. For example, a nurse specialized in oncology – the study of cancer – can not only provide day-to-day care but also can perform a range of cancer treatments including chemotherapy. Advanced practice nurses can work as primary care providers and assist them in domestic health and health promotion, disease prevention, and management of chronic diseases. Focusing on the patient being “at the center of care” is the key to the success of nurses in advanced practice. By doing so, the patient can get the most personalized, comprehensive, and cost-effective care. By providing greater access to advanced practice nurses, a wealth of opportunity exists in contributing to patient-centered care in a range of professional specialties. The shift from physician-centered to patient-centered care also allows advanced practice nurses to practice a fuller scope of care and allows them to demonstrate “evidence-based practice” and “professional performance and quality” set by the respective accrediting body. With the concern about healthcare cost on the rise, the cost-effective nature of advanced practice nursing for specialized care is a genuine solution for sustainable quality healthcare provision. The emphasis and effect imparted by advanced practice nurses to the healthcare system would be enhanced further if the rest of the patient population could take advantage of having advanced practice nurses as primary care providers on a periodic basis. The impact of technology and globalization might have brought about the overall complexity of today’s healthcare environment, but this is allowing nurses to integrate different innovative discoveries in their specialized practices for the benefits of not only the patient but as well as the nurses themselves. However, it would be a greater transformation for nurses in advanced practice to take on and fully utilize the tremendous synergistic opportunities presented nowadays in healthcare transformation.

1.2 Importance of Advanced Practice

With the change in the healthcare system and progress in medical education, we have an opportunity now and the expectation of making greater improvements with further support for clinical educators’ specialty practice.

On July 23, 2015, the Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Training in Primary Care Medicine and Dentistry (ACTPCMD) approved a set of recommendations for increasing flexibility in faculty work effort at medical education programs, focused on building sustainable residency training “capacity in community-based ambulatory settings.” This is proposed “to improve access to comprehensive, coordinated, and longitudinal care for patients and communities,” per the ACTPCMD letter to the then Secretary of Health and Human Services.

The importance of clinical educators’ focus on specialty clinical practice has been recognized for the third educational objective – increased faculty flexibilities in work effort allocation. Such a general focus has been a common theme during the feedback from various national organizations over the past years as well. For example, in 2005, the Institute of Medicine identified the need for a “reproved focus on patients and their ability to access the healthcare system and its resources.” It was suggested in the report that medical education programs and teaching hospitals should adopt a more “candidate-centered approach that focuses on patients’ needs, expectations, and preferences” in order to advance the quality of medical education and patient care.The fourth important educational objective is to give clinical educators the time and resources necessary to become experts in their areas of specialization, often through advanced degrees in health-related fields. This would create an environment where all members of the healthcare team, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other professionals, would benefit from more highly specialized clinical educators who would have the time and opportunity to provide even greater levels of clinical education. In turn, students and residents in these programs would be exposed to higher levels of expertise in a cycle of continuous improvement of clinical education and patient care.

1.3 Evolution of Specialization in Various Fields

The trend of advanced practice roles and specialization has already been shaped and implemented in many countries and across a variety of industries. It is clear that the support for new and ever-changing fields and specialties, with additional uptake in the near future, will provide these industries with the tools and knowledge they need to excel and to contribute to economical and social reform.

With the advance of technology and globalization, education has also witnessed the influence of specialization in various career options. Special education teachers may receive specific training in emotionally disturbed, developmentally delayed, or autistic students. In higher education, deans and academic administrators are primarily responsible for managing and leading the institution and they play a critical role in successfully advancing the organization. However, a dean will need to have an in-depth knowledge of a large range of subjects including course provisions, students affairs, faculties, and finance.

In the field of law, the American Bar Association recognizes not only specific legal specialties such as admiralty law and intellectual property law, but also non-legal careers such as education and business that law graduates may elect to pursue. The accreditation process for law schools and bar examinations are consistent with the adequate preparation requirement for profession expectations.

In engineering, the transition from a master builder model to multidisciplinary design teams has created new fields such as aerospace engineering, computer engineering, and biotechnology. Aerospace engineering focuses on the design, manufacture, and testing of aircraft and spacecraft, as well as satellites and missiles. Computer engineering emphasizes the development of computer hardware and software. Biotechnology is a broad field of biology and technology, encompassing biomedical research and innovative medical processes.

2. Benefits of Specialization

2.1 Enhanced Expertise and Knowledge

2.2 Improved Quality of Services

2.3 Increased Efficiency and Productivity

2.4 Better Patient Outcomes

3. Challenges in Specialization

3.1 Narrow Focus and Limited Scope

3.2 Potential for Professional Isolation

3.3 Continuous Learning and Skill Development

3.4 Balancing Specialization with General Practice

4. Advanced Practice Roles

4.1 Nurse Practitioners

4.2 Physician Assistants

4.3 Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists

4.4 Clinical Nurse Specialists

4.5 Pharmacists with Prescriptive Authority

5. Specialization in Medicine

5.1 Surgeons and Surgical Specialties

5.2 Cardiologists and Cardiovascular Specialties

5.3 Oncologists and Cancer Specialties

5.4 Psychiatrists and Mental Health Specialties

5.5 Dermatologists and Skin Specialties

6. Specialization in Law

6.1 Criminal Law Specialists

6.2 Corporate Lawyers and Business Specialties

6.3 Intellectual Property Attorneys

6.4 Family Law and Divorce Specialists

6.5 Environmental Lawyers and Sustainability Specialties

7. Specialization in Education

7.1 Special Education Teachers

7.2 Early Childhood Education Specialists

7.3 Educational Psychologists

7.4 Curriculum and Instruction Specialists

7.5 Higher Education Administrators

TOPIC: “The Unexpected Political Power of Dentists”, by Mary Jordan published in the Washington Post on July 1, 2017.

April 5, 2024/0 Comments/in Uncategorized /by bonniejecinta

Find this article and then summarize it; follow the routine guidelines used for submission of an article via p.6 of Course Syllabus; and/or see rubric below.

APA FORMATHealth Information Technology Articles – these articles must be about Computer Applications in Healthcare (technology related articles in healthcare). 2. Typed paper 500 word (count) summary of the article (paraphrased); double spaced; Times Roman 12pt. font; typed in Microsoft Word or saved in a Rich Text File (rtf); 1 inch margins. 3. Article summary and a copy of the original article must be submitted in a PDF file together as one attachment. Locate articles that are already in a PDF format. If you do not have this type of software, you can copy the article in a word document and save. If you copy the article in a word document, please delete all of the symbols etc. that are attached when you copy information from the InternetanswerThe Unexpected Political Power of DentistsIntroductionThe first section of the essay explores the political power of dentists and provides an overview of the article. It introduces the unexpected influence of dentists in politics and their successful engagement in the political process. The essay aims to provide an in-depth analysis of this topic with a focus on three interlinked research questions. First, why are dentists increasingly engaged in politics and what caused their political awakening? Second, how do dentists exercise political power and what strategies do they use to influence the political agenda? And third, what are the implications of dentists’ political power for oral health politics? By exploring these questions, this essay seeks not only to uncover the reasons behind the political power of dentists, but also to offer original insights into the democratic dimension of interest group politics in oral health. As such, this article will be of particular interest to policymakers, academics, and stakeholders in the field of oral health politics. Finally, the scope of the article is explained. The essay will examine both the electoral and the non-electoral mechanisms that dentists use to access the political decision-making process. In doing so, the study will first provide an overview of the political power among dentists and place it in the context of the current healthcare politics in the United States. Then, it will primarily focus on the non-electoral aspects of interest group politics in oral health. By analyzing the organizational structures and political activities of dentists’ professional associations, the article aims to reveal the complicated and dynamic networks of power relations. The study will also draw on empirical evidence from a series of case studies to illustrate how dentists have successfully shaped healthcare policy and influenced politicians. Furthermore, it will explore dentists’ political donations and their economic and social contributions to local communities. Through these multifaceted examinations of the political power of dentists, this essay hopes to provide new insights into the relationship between experts, interest groups, and democratic government.

1.1 Background information

The origins of dentistry can be traced back thousands of years; however, the modern profession of dentistryparticularly its education, political power, and scope of practicehas been developed in the United States since the early 19th century. Dental education in America began with informal apprenticeships and a focus on extracting teeth, a limited approach to oral health treatment called “empiricist” dentistry. With the advent of anesthesia and the acceptance of germ theory in the mid-1800s, more complex treatments were developed and dental care became an established medical practice. As modern dentistry grew and dentists and dental schools proliferated, so did the political activity and ambition of the profession. This periodfrom the late 1880s through to the early 20th centurysaw the first large-scale efforts to formalize dental schooling and establish the profession’s regulatory and political identity. The professional and social status of a dentist started to evolve alongside changes, such as the development of nonprofit dental organizations and influential academic titles. By providing formal education in the arts and sciences of dentistry in a university setting, majorly inspired by the findings of the “Flexner report”which was written by a staff member of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1910, demonstrating the necessity of standardizing higher education and shown that dental education needed access to, in his words, “academic freedom and financial independence”these distinct trends firmly aligned dental professionals with the “health and well-being of the public”. In the 20th century, the political momentum of the profession accelerated further. The consumer rights and feminist movements of the 1960s and 1970s were especially influential in changing the organizational dynamics and clinical leadership of the profession. It was “the only profession that offered parenteral formulations”. The article explores the influence and impact that dentists have in the political arena. The article begins with an introduction that provides background information and outlines the purpose and scope of the article.

1.2 Purpose of the article

As we already established in the summary, the paper will deal with the strength and impact that dentists have in the political environment. When the author says “purpose,” he/she is referring to the reason for the paper. He needs to explain what the reader should expect in each part of the essay. Secondly, he has to explain what the paper is aiming to accomplish and then he has to explain the importance of choosing this subject. Finally, in this section, one has to explain the logic (methods, materials, techniques) and the layout of the paper. As per the summary given by the student, we can understand that the writer has explained in the introduction that dentists have an impact on the government. Since the writer has given a hint, the “purpose of this paper” part should be connected with the introduction part. By doing this, the writer can keep the readers’ attention to the paper and make sure that the readers can understand the logic of the paper. The writer should also be able to catch the readers’ eyes so that he/she can have faster attention to the introduction part. He can also use a quote or a fact to keep readers’ attention on the paper. If I were to propose a change in the introduction to make it better, I would improve the hook of the introduction. The purpose of this paper is to describe the unexpected political power of dentists in detail, what kind of dentists have the power, and how they use their power. In my personal opinion, legislations and politicians should be more cautious in doing things related to the health fields. Because when healthcare professionals, including dentists, have the power to influence government policy, it means that they are going against private interest and the patients’ well-being by misusing their power. With a project such as “The Unexpected Political Power of Dentists,” we can have a process to prevent injustice health policy and even discover other potential relationships between healthcare professionals and the government.

1.3 Scope of the article

The article will first provide a brief overview of the current political climate and the frustration existing among voters in the direction the country is taking regarding its elected leaders. The article will give specific examples such as recent political poll data and the overwhelming public response to the Occupy Movement that proves people in the country are fed up and are ready for a change. Subsequently, the article will provide a profile of the dental profession and the vast number of men and women employed in it nationwide. This will help draw a comparison between the dental profession and other professionals such as medical doctors (MDs) that traditionally have been major forces in the medical profession and in national healthcare reform policies. There will also be a contrast and comparison drawn with other healthcare professions such as nurse practitioners, physicians’ assistants, optometrists and pharmacists that are fighting for some degree of professional sovereignty and independence from the stronghold of MDs. The scope of the research will then detail the two main facets the article will center on: 1. the impact dentists have in healthcare politics and 2. the success of dentists in political campaigns and office seeking. These two focal areas will ensure a thorough analysis of the political power of dentists and open pathways to introduce future directions this unexpected trend in political intervention may lead.The Influence of Dentists in Politics

2.1 Dentists as political donors

2.2 Dentists as lobbyists

2.3 Dentists’ role in shaping healthcare policy

The Financial Power of Dentists

3.1 Income of dentists

3.2 Dentists’ contributions to the economy

3.3 Dentists’ impact on local communities

Dentists’ Professional Associations

4.1 Overview of dental associations

4.2 Political activities of dental associations

4.3 Influence of dental associations on policy decisions

Case Studies: Dentists’ Political Success

5.1 Dentists elected to public office

5.2 Dentists’ involvement in political campaigns

5.3 Dentists’ advocacy for dental-related legislation

The Future of Dentists in Politics

6.1 Potential for increased political influence

6.2 Challenges and obstacles facing dentists’ political power

6.3 Opportunities for dentists to expand their political reach

Conclusion

7.1 Summary of dentists’ unexpected political power

7.2 Implications for healthcare policy and politics

7.3 Recommendations for further research

What is Family? Family Definition Essay

April 5, 2024/0 Comments/in Uncategorized /by bonniejecinta

1. Introduction

The concept of family has always been one of the most important ideas in the human experience. Why? Because family has a significant and lasting impact on human life and well-being. It is one of, if not the most, influential variables that will shape a person’s development, and thus it becomes the most important factor that determines how a person will turn out. Family is the main catalyst for social, emotional and cognitive development. This is due both to the proximity of family relationships and the longevity, or stability, of these relationships. The fact that the impact of family on individual development is so strong raises the importance of defining family in terms of its makeup, function and how it contributes to the development of an individual. However, family today can be a confusing idea to pin down, to define in general, or even to see in a standard way. This is because family may be a relatively unexplored topic in a contemporary context, but it has long been a major social institution affecting our lives. More often than not, family is described as a social group made up of parents and their children, and this is what is covered by the definition provided in the Oxford English Dictionary. However, it is so easy to see many other results of human interactions with each other nature that all sway the definition a different way – in essence, it is society that defines what a family is. Even beyond our own experiences and opinions, there is opportunity to explore and make distinctions as to what is family in a global context including in comparison to family in other cultures. This broad concept of family according to Mendes, is categorized into a nuclear family and an extended family. The former consists of a married couple, and their own children as well, if there are any, met by occasional visits by close relatives, whereas the latter comprises three generations living in the same place and meet each other on a daily basis. This many possible variables now create division in how people define the family and thus, it might be a very general, outdated, or wrong kind of understanding to assume a terminological specificity. The purpose of this essay, therefore, is to explore and highlight the various underlying meanings of the much debated concept of family – providing a brief and broad explanation and evaluation of this complex topic that so many people and scholars have had so much to say about.

1.1. Definition of Family

Family is a fundamental social group in society and the child’s first introduction to the world. Not only is it the first and most natural society, but it is also the most significant cell of social life. Shepherding is another part of family because it is natural from the parent to our parents and then give the love to our child. However, this view highlights the positive power of family, but it can be argued that the positive and negative effects of family are not equal. Marriage is the foundation of family because the three of the children can be reduced the potential to have social problems, and the society can maintain stability as well. If marriage does not exist, the three may lead to the problem and it causes some changes in the structure of the society such as a descending trend on the birth rate, increasing the proportion of single parents, or decreasing the number of children per family. On the other hand, some people who are offered a different concept believe that individualism is more important for our life. The parents should give their children more freedom instead of waiting for the chance to give love. Most of the time, we are hearing the news of family abuse or the problem of family life. For example, the husband who is jobless might use alcoholism to release his tension and make him habitual of abusing, and the child who will have an insecure life. The recently available statistics about the number of women who die from the violence of family are increasing. The data, which has been taken from the police record, suggested that 62% of all violent arguments happen in the family. Every domestic argument will increase the potential for damage. It clearly shows that the problems of family affect the society in some ways. Every family is unique with different personalities, and they often refer to the conventional nuclear family. It consists of a married man and woman with a child or children. However, the important thing is that this traditional nuclear family enables the next generation to continue the tradition. Over time, different kinds of family forms have developed. It includes the extended family, such as the boy will live with his wife, his parents, and even his parents’ parents. The size of the family has reduced and fear of exposure of privacy. And there is a single-parent family, which consists of the parent and the child. It is because divorce has recently become the fashion in the modern world. Families are often the ones that are most subjected to the violence problem. The following paragraph will help us discuss the factors that lead to the problems of family.

1.2. Importance of Family

The phrase “Family is love” is a very good definition of what family is. Those words are from an enormous sensation that we experience when we bond with someone. We live with our parents and siblings from birth to death. If they smile, we smile. If they feel sad, we get sad. This is the magical touch of our parents and siblings. We want to see the next generation more productive and strong in physical and mental manners. If we develop a strong sense of commitment towards our responsibility, then it is 100% sure that we can easily transfer our problems to happiness. We learn from education how to become an energetic person in life, and there is a lot of education for children on how they are supposed to maintain their relationship with parents and other family members. When family is around us, it’s the happiest moment in our life because we are so close to people who love us and care for us. Our family encourages us to tackle and solve problems in life in the right way. When we see that our parents are always trying to bring happiness to us, then we feel relaxed and enjoy our life. When family provides good support, it can be easily seen how we relate to other things. For example, if we have a certain mindset and we know that our family is always on our side, then it is very easy to express our feelings. Our parents and family are a good way to learn about behavior because we do not spend most of our time with the most influential people in society. As far as health is concerned, we know very well that if our bond with family is strong, then in the case of illness, our family will provide maximum support. Our parents really play a very important role during our growing age, especially in our cognitive development through mutual conversation, playing, and reading. Family is important to every single human in the world. Every person needs someone in life whom they could trust and with whom they could share problems and express their feelings. The happiest moment in our life is when we give a smile to others, and it is so amazing when we see that the other person is smiling because of us. Family is love and a key to joy. Every individual is bonded with some family, and we learn about love, sacrifice, and helping others from our family. Whether it is our hobbies, work, sports, or games, we do them with more confident and satisfactory joy when done in isolation. When family provides support, it is a lot easier to chase our dreams because we know that our loved ones will never leave us alone in times of need.

2. Types of Family Structures

2.1. Nuclear Family

2.2. Extended Family

2.3. Blended Family

2.4. Single-Parent Family

2.5. Same-Sex Family

3. Roles and Responsibilities in a Family

3.1. Parental Roles

3.2. Sibling Relationships

3.3. Grandparent Roles

4. Family Traditions and Customs

4.1. Cultural Traditions

4.2. Holiday Celebrations

4.3. Family Rituals

5. Communication in the Family

5.1. Effective Communication Skills

5.2. Conflict Resolution

5.3. Active Listening

6. Family Dynamics and Relationships

6.1. Parent-Child Relationship

6.2. Sibling Dynamics

6.3. Intergenerational Relationships

7. Challenges and Issues in Families

7.1. Divorce and Separation

7.2. Parenting Challenges

7.3. Financial Struggles

8. Support Systems for Families

8.1. Community Resources

8.2. Counseling and Therapy

8.3. Support Groups

9. Family Values and Beliefs

9.1. Cultural and Religious Influences

9.2. Moral and Ethical Values

9.3. Passing on Family Values

10. Changing Notions of Family

10.1. Modern Family Structures

10.2. LGBTQ+ Families

10.3. Adoption and Surrogacy

11. The Future of Family

11.1. Evolving Definitions

11.2. Technology’s Impact on Family Life

11.3. Balancing Work and Family

The Impact of the Black Death on Europe: Society and Medicine

April 5, 2024/0 Comments/in Uncategorized /by bonniejecinta

1. Introduction

The Black Death is one of the most deadly pandemics in history. People were aware of the term Black Death long before scientists discovered the real cause, but the exact origin never seemed to be a focal point. There are, however, many contemporary accounts that define the period we now refer to as the Black Death. Many of the accounts discuss the symptoms that the people suffered and the procession of the disease. Indeed, some of the records are meticulous in the level of detail they provide about the spread of the disease. The Black Death is thought to have wiped out about 40% of the population of Europe. There is still much debate as to whether the cause of Black Death was natural (for example, a strain of bubonic plague) or a man-made disease such as anthrax. Some scientists expect the Black Death to be in modern day terms an airborne related disease. The aim of this report is to explain the nature of the Black Death and discuss the impact of the Black Death upon medicine. However, it concluded that it is in fact likely that the cause of the Black Death came from a number of different sources including the climate, some of the existing medical conditions and most importantly it was widespread due to the extreme unhygienic living conditions. The real impact of the cause of the Black Death has less to do with what caused it and “more to do with the faults of human societies, which failed to prevent the spread of the Black Death at the time”.

1.1 Definition and Origins of the Black Death

First, the essay will provide an overview of the Black Death, including its definition and origins. This will involve discussing what the Black Death actually was and the different forms it took, as well as framing it in its proper historical context. Then, there will be a focus on the specific origins of the epidemic that first struck Europe in 1347. This will involve a discussion of where and how the Black Death originated and the different routes it took to reach Europe. It may be useful to discuss recent scientific findings in this part of the essay, as researchers continue to debate the different origins and routes of the epidemic. A focus on the historical origins should include a discussion of where and when the Black Death first struck in Europe, as well as the swiftness and devastating impact of the initial outbreak. This part of the essay should make it clear that the Black Death saw many recurrences during the latter half of the 14th century, with an overall impact that varied from place to place. The essay will also note that modern researchers have identified the specific bacterium responsible for the Black Death – Yersinia pestis – and some scientists’ ongoing research into the genetic evolution of this bacterium.

1.2 Spread and Mortality Rates

Yorkshire and the Black Death. Medieval field system near Grassington. Image from the book “Atlas of the Black Death.” Geno and Persac – “The Black Death in the Middle East.” The Black Death proved lethal up until the 18th century. It resurfaced in the 1360s in England where a particularly deadly outbreak occurred in East Anglia and Lincolnshire in 1362 and 1368. The period 1361-2 saw unique protective measures, including a writing down of the medieval version of our national anthem “Aegrotantium” and in York, the recording of a song about Death’s visit to the city in 1361 called “Eboracum.” The song, which describes the plague’s impact on a prominently Jewish quarter, became a symbol of the anti-Semitism that was rife in that period. The last outbreak in England occurred in the early 1670s, where York, London, and many towns in East England were ravaged. This instance infected only 6000 people, but the profundity of such a deadly outbreak after many years of silence points not only to the continuity of the Black Death within English living agendas but also to the realization that in such a series of pandemics, any particular outbreak could potentially be the one that surpassed all others.Spain and the plague. Campus Cerdanya. Image from the book “Atlas of the Black Death.” The Black Death spread very rapidly, with recorded pandemic outbreaks in several instances. It is likely that the pandemic initially spread from Asia, moving westward with armies and trade routes. It reached the Crimea in 1346 and alighted in Sicily, Genoa, and Venice in the same year. A year later, it had made its way through France and southwest England and was even recorded in Norway. 1348 saw the arrival of Black Death in Spain, and the plague lasted until 1380, claiming over 6 million lives – as much as 60% of the population in that time.

2. Devastating Impact on Europe

2.1 Economic Consequences

2.2 Social Disruption

2.3 Political Instability

3. Reshaping of Society

3.1 Decline of Feudalism

3.2 Labor Shortages and Peasant Revolts

3.3 Shift in Power Dynamics

4. Reshaping of Medicine

4.1 Traditional Medical Practices

4.2 Emergence of Plague Treatments

4.3 Influence on Medical Education

5. Long-Term Effects

5.1 Population Decline and Demographic Changes

5.2 Psychological Impact and Cultural Shifts

5.3 Legacy of the Black Death

6. Conclusion

The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Economies and Societies

April 5, 2024/0 Comments/in Uncategorized /by bonniejecinta

1. Introduction

The Industrial Revolution (1750-1900) had a profound impact on the world. The U.S. economy grew an average of 4% per year between 1790 and 1860, and increased to 6.8% from 1860 to 1900. The revolution introduced us to new machines, new ways of producing goods, new ways of organizing human labor. The revolution gave the world a new form of energy. It took the world from being agrarian and handicraft to a world of industry and machine. It reorganized work and caused far-reaching social and political changes. The circumstances that created the revolution were the availability of natural resources, growth of the population, military, political and economic needs, and technological innovations. The resources that made the revolution feasible and productive were demand, labor, raw materials and capital (money). Without sufficient resources, it would be impossible to succeed in industrializing a nation. The revolution began in England because they had the right resources: – Coal, which provided power for the machines. – Iron because it was used to construct machines and buildings. – Rivers for transportation and source of water for the factory. – Harbors to use a port for ships in trade. – The wool and cotton provided the staple in the trading and manufacturing industries. The introduction of steam power and machinery had a huge impact on the quality of life of the entire world. For the first time in history, the masses started to have a sustained improvement in their standard of living. And it created the first worldwide gap between the industrialized and non-industrialized countries. There were some negative consequences, but in the long run, the invention and improvement of the machines during the revolution is the most important event in history. It is referred to as a revolution because the changes were great and turning. Factories were built, and the way people produced goods changed. Instead of things being hand made in cottages, as had been the case for centuries, now there were machines and factories.

2. Economic Transformations

2.1. Growth of Factory System

2.2. Expansion of Global Trade

2.3. Emergence of Capitalism

2.4. Formation of Labor Unions

3. Social Changes

3.1. Urbanization and Migration

3.2. Rise of the Middle Class

3.3. Working Conditions and Child Labor

3.4. Gender Roles and Women’s Rights

4. Technological Advancements

4.1. Steam Power and Machinery

4.2. Transportation and Communication

4.3. Development of Infrastructure

5. Positive Consequences

5.1. Increased Productivity and Efficiency

5.2. Improved Standard of Living for Some

5.3. Technological Innovations and Inventions

5.4. Expansion of Education and Knowledge

6. Negative Consequences

6.1. Exploitation of Workers

6.2. Environmental Degradation

6.3. Wealth Inequality and Social Disparities

6.4. Disruption of Traditional Industries and Ways of Life

7. Conclusion

Psychologist Heather Butler studied the importance that critical thinking plays in our everyday lives

April 5, 2024/0 Comments/in Uncategorized /by bonniejecinta

In 2012, Psychologist Heather Butler studied the importance that critical thinking plays in our everyday lives. “Critical thinking is not just the new buzzword in education. Critical thinking involves real outcomes that can be measured, predicted, andperhaps for the negative life eventsavoided” (Butler, 2012, p. 725).In 2013, studies by Grossmann, Varnum, Kitayama, and Nisbett concluded that wise reasoning, rather than intelligence, was a predictor of well-being. In 2017, Dr. Butler and her colleagues, referencing the Grossmann study and based on their own research, determined that the ability to think critically was a better predictor of effective life decisions than was intelligence (Butler, Pentoney, & Bong, 2017).Initial Post InstructionsFor the initial post, address the following:Do you agree that wisdom/critical thinking is a better predictor of well-being than intelligence? To answer, you will have to define what the following terms mean for you:Critical thinkingWisdomIntelligenceWell-being

Reflect on what you read in the text this week. Think of the people you know.

Are the good people smart?Are the smart people good?How do you define “good”? How do you define “smart”?Can we use our intelligence to become “good”? If yes, how? If no, why not?Follow-Up Post InstructionsRespond to at least one peer. Further the dialogue by providing more information and clarification. Look at your peers’ definitions. Do you agree with them? If yes, why, if no, why not?Writing RequirementsMinimum of 2 posts (1 initial & 1 follow-up)Minimum of 2 sources cited (assigned readings/online lessons and an outside source)APA format for in-text citations and list of referencesGradingThis activity will be graded using the Discussion Grading Rubric. Please review the following link:Course OutcomesCO 1: Define critical reasoning for application to personal and professional problem-solving.CO 7: Create a fallacy-free argument that incorporates principles of ethical decision-making.Due Date

Due Date for Initial Post: By 11:59 p.m. MT Recommended by Wednesday

Due Date for Follow-Up Posts: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday

Posts must be on two separate days.ReferencesButler,H.A. (2012, Sep/Oct). Halpern critical thinking assessment predicts real-world outcomes of critical thinking. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(5), 721-729. 10.1002/acp.2851Butler, H.A., Pentoney, C., & Bong, M. P. (2017). Predicting real-world outcomes: Critical thinking ability is a better predictor of life decisions than intelligence. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 25, 38-46. https://www.umass.edu/preferen/You%20Must%20Read%20This/ThinkingSkills.pdfGrossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M.E.W., Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R.E. (2013). A route to well-being: intelligence versus wise reasoning. Journal of Experiential Psychology: General, 142(3), 944953. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3594053answerThe Importance of Critical Thinking in Everyday Life

1. Introduction

Critical thinking refers to the capacity for an individual to actively apply a set of internal, guiding principles in a thoughtful manner before acting. It is a form of deliberate decision making that focuses on judgments based on criteria, logical reasoning, and prediction. It is not to be confused with simply feeling incredulous or playing the ‘devil’s advocate’. Critical thinking combines the three types of thinking, which include creative thinking, analytical thinking, and research-based thinking. People use critical thinking in a multitude of different ways in everyday life and it is not always consciously used. The true scale of critical thinking is not known as this is not something that is measured. This review will be considering the many times when critical thinking is used and its importance in daily environments. The significance of critical thinking is important due to personal experience that can be improved and lead to solutions to problems not only in the workplace but also on a more personal level that can have positive and negative outcomes to the decisions made. Critical thinking is not confined to the solution of given problems; it is more concerned with the overarching principle and purpose of the thinking itself. The analytical tools and the efficient language help to create conditions that enable critical thinking: the place and space to provisionally explore given topics, conditions that enable the shift of thought and the use of alternative thinking. It is quite commonly seen that students reference the material available at a given time of writing without considering the worth of the data itself. This is a fundamental barrier to the development of the critical thinking skills that are required by modern information researchers and can ruin both research and lateral thinking, such as thinking beyond finding an answer to a given immediate question.

1.1 Definition of Critical Thinking

“Analytical thinking is the process of making a reliable and precise and observable conclusion from the evidence.” Critical thinking involves both cognitive skills and dispositions. These dispositions, which can be seen as attitudes or habits of mind, include open- and fair-mindedness, inquisitiveness with the desire to gain knowledge to solve problems, and the good judgment that helps in the situation of choosing the correct treatment. Other definitions have underscored what critical thinking means.Critically, it is…Additional relevant definitions of critical thinking:Critical thinking is a rich concept that has been developing throughout the past 2500 years. The term “critical thinking” has its roots in the mid-late 20th century. Below are a few of the well-known meanings of critical thinking. Because critical thinking is important in all careers, students are most likely to write essays on critical thinking. The importance of critical thinking has received many researches by many researchers. After these researches, different scientists have defined critical thinking in their paper from their point of views. However, there are many descriptions of critical thinking, or at least aspects of critical thinking and many field-specific. According to Harvey Siegel, professor of philosophy at the University of Miami, critical thinking in the classroom is taught in the following ways: It is taught directly. It is taught explicitly. It is taught by giving facts and evidence. It is taught by providing training. According to Martin Scriven, CEO of the Health Education England, critical thinking is not just being critical.

1.2 Significance of Critical Thinking

Since basic reasoning is significant in for all intents and purposes all professions, understudies are never again being trained powerful basic reasoning aptitudes. This is one purpose behind the absence of basic intuition in regular daily existence. Since the present understudies are not being shown aptitudes to make them better future residents. The significance of basic intuition has throughout the years worked its way into numerous meanings of study hall practice. Be that as it may, more critically, addressing exchanging with the right explanations is upheld by straightforward deduction practice.Basic speculation about fantasizing truly includes individuals to always remember about their observation. Individuals utilizing basic reasoning will in general take a gander at their presumptions cautiously. At times, they will in general inspect their reality. The State of Critical Thinking Today expresses that basic speculation encourages better choices, progressively proficient critical thinking, inventive innovativeness and better correspondence. Everyone can profit by basic speculation coming up and in the working environment.When confronted with an issue, you have to have the option to figure out what kind of issue you are managing. What’s more, you need to likewise examine the profundity of the issue to know how a lot further you have to go. As indicated by investigate, basic reasoning in basic reasoning article has to do with the capacity for the person to think normally and unmistakably. This implies the individual can manufacture things utilizing their own understanding.It is fundamental to comprehend the significance of basic thinking in regular daily existence and in certain business fields. Without the correct aptitudes for basic reasoning, you can’t settle on viable choices. Basic reasoning includes exhibiting both examination and assessment. Therefore, you can settle on insightful choices that can prompt a specific result. This is particularly significant in the event that you work in a field that requires imaginative critical thinking.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The aim of the present study is to analyze the impact of critical thinking on life decisions. The study focuses on the various aspects of critical thinking. First, the research will try to identify and analyze critical thinking strategies. This is crucial in establishing the efficacy of the general process in making good decisions. Second, the study will analyze the influence of critical thinking on decision-making. Such an analysis will require a comprehensive review of the current literature on the subject as well as empirical research. This is geared towards helping in understanding of the relevant input in decision-making. This will also help in creating a deeper understanding of the mechanism through which critical thinking affects decisions. Third, the study seeks to establish the potential benefits of critical thinking. It is believed that critical thinking can not only help in decision-making but many studies have also suggested that a good critical thinking can provide a creative and productive contribution to one’s workplace. The use of critical thinking has become popular in teaching so that students are able to acquire practical knowledge of the real world critical thinking. The study will address the various benefits related to critical thinking as proposed in the literature. By looking at it in the decision making point of view, the last part of the study analyses the impact and benefits of decision making and good choices in our social lives. We will carry that if people can make systematic choices in some decision problems, wise choices be made and further improvements on the social welfare. It is proposed that if people teach critical thinking or at least share their views and ideas, communities can be more organised and well-structured. So, teaching good critical thinking skills should also be an end in sight in social network and community of learners. The research is valuable because it identifies the various agents of knowledge that contribute to better decisions and shows the potential of critical thinking in benefiting the greater good of public. From the essay, it is clear that the use of critical thinking as a means to resolve problems and make strategic decisions in either a personal or a professional environment can positively affect the successful outcome of any given goals or targets relative to the said environment. This has been proven by literature and is echoed in practice. On the whole, the research seeks to produce a series of comprehensive analysis on the aspects of critical thinking and its role in decision making process and debates.

2. The Role of Critical Thinking in Education

2.1 Integration of Critical Thinking in Curriculum

2.2 Benefits of Critical Thinking in Education

2.3 Challenges in Promoting Critical Thinking in Education

3. Measuring Critical Thinking

3.1 Methods for Assessing Critical Thinking Skills

3.2 Importance of Measuring Critical Thinking

3.3 Predictive Power of Critical Thinking

4. Critical Thinking and Well-being

4.1 Relationship between Wise Reasoning and Well-being

4.2 Comparison of Intelligence and Wise Reasoning

4.3 Implications for Personal Well-being

5. Critical Thinking and Effective Life Decisions

5.1 Link between Critical Thinking and Decision Making

5.2 Comparison of Critical Thinking and Intelligence in Decision Making

5.3 Practical Applications of Critical Thinking in Decision Making

6. Conclusion

6.1 Summary of Findings

6.2 Implications for Individuals and Society

6.3 Future Research Directions

The Metaverse and its Potential Applications for Businesses

April 5, 2024/0 Comments/in Uncategorized /by bonniejecinta

1. Introduction

The term “Metaverse” is a portmanteau of “meta”, meaning beyond, and “universe”, connoting all of space, time and content. Building on the concept of the internet as a “digital world”, the Metaverse describes a collective virtual shared space, created by the convergence of virtually enhanced physical reality and physically persistent virtual reality. In the Metaverse, users can interact with a computer-generated environment and other users, and engage in activities which mimic the interactions in the physical world. Here, the possibilities are endless – users can build, create, buy and sell property, and “virtually” do business. The slogan for the game “Second Life”, one of the best-known Metaverse platforms, reflects this open-ended nature: it is a world “created by the people, for the people”. It is not difficult to see why the advent of the Metaverse, and its continuously growing user base and engagement, is of huge significance to businesses. As more and more economic and social activities are conducted in these virtual worlds, there is an increasing urgency for businesses to establish a presence and engage with consumers in the Metaverse. Businesses can benefit from an increase in the volume and quality of consumer data garnered from virtual world experiences. With virtual reality devices becoming more advanced and affordable, and as the technology continues to progress, it is foreseeable that the potential benefits and returns from the Metaverse to businesses will become even greater. For example, new marketing strategies using “immersive” advertising mediums in the Metaverse can offer novel and highly effective ways of promoting products and services. Given the billions of dollars transacted in virtual environments and digital economies such as “Second Life” over the years, a wholly new digital market and e-commerce field may potentially become the next focus for businesses. Therefore, considering the increasing impact and the enormous potential of the Metaverse, this article serves to explore the viability of the Metaverse as a commercial platform for businesses and companies today.

1.1 What is the Metaverse?

The Metaverse is a collective virtual shared space, created by the convergence of virtually enhanced physical reality and persistent virtual reality. The key feature of the Metaverse is that it is not simply a three-dimensional (3D) space or a purely graphical space, but a composite of the physical reality augmented by, visualised in 3D and enriched by the virtual reality. It can consist of a nearly infinite number of physical and virtual dimensions. A prominent and well-known example of the Metaverse is the virtual world Second Life. Created and launched by San Francisco-based company Linden Lab, Inc. on June 23, 2003, Second Life is a multi-dimensional, multi-disciplinary, adaptive and emergent platform. It is a virtual world online game, which allows many users to interact with each other in the virtual realm provided by Linden Lab over the Internet. When the users ‘play the game’, they are, in fact, using their avatars (graphical representation of users in the virtual world) to navigate, communicate and contribute to the world, such as making money by providing goods and services. This created a vibrant and innovative virtual economy in Second Life.

1.2 Importance of the Metaverse for Businesses

In the age of the knowledge economy, advanced technologies are the means for businesses to achieve greater efficiency and innovation. Forward-looking companies have been exploring and leveraging the potential of digital twin, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, etc. The emergence of the metaverse is going to add a new dimension and bring the progression of the digital economy to a higher level. For businesses, it is important to understand the potential impacts and benefits of the metaverse. This will enable business leaders to deliberate and decide on when and how to embrace the changes brought about by the metaverse. It is not simply an evolution that we can manage or ignore. The metaverse may disrupt the existing business model significantly, and any indecision or slow movement may lead to losing competitive edge or market shares. On the other hand, as we are still at an early stage of understanding the metaverse, early adoption does not come with ready solutions and it requires substantial investment and commitment. It is important to develop the knowledge and capacity for leveraging the features of the metaverse, identify the use cases that will bring the best value to the organization, and plan the implementation roadmap carefully. For any businesses, to get prepared in the metaverse journey, a good starting point is to create the virtual reproduction of the physical business environments and processes. There are already successful examples of companies using gaming engine and virtual reality technologies to construct a digital twin of their factories and supply chain operations. By doing so, businesses can monitor and simulate the operations and make improvements continuously in a cost-effective and less disruptive manner. This will lead to the formation of a ‘connected business’ across the physical and virtual realms. The knowledge and experience gained can then be employed for creating new digital customer experiences in the metaverse. This will open up new opportunities in marketing, sales, and after-sales services. For example, businesses can create immersive and interactive virtual showrooms for their products and enable customers to customize and visualize their orders in the virtual world. This facilitates digital marketing and helps to engage customers in a rich and personalized experience. More importantly, businesses can collect and analyze user activity and preference data in the virtual environment, which provides valuable insight for enhancing the design of the product and planning for the launch. By embracing the virtual customer experience, opportunities in social commerce and virtual e-marketplaces can be realized.

2. Benefits of the Metaverse for Businesses

2.1 Immersive Marketing

2.2 Virtual Collaboration

2.3 New Revenue Streams

3. Utilizing the Metaverse for Business

3.1 Creating Virtual Experiences

3.2 Selling Digital Goods

3.3 Integrating with Existing Platforms

4. Case Studies: Successful Metaverse Applications

4.1 Company A: Virtual Showroom

4.2 Company B: Virtual Events

4.3 Company C: Virtual Product Launches

5. Challenges and Considerations for Businesses

5.1 Technical Infrastructure

5.2 Privacy and Security

5.3 User Adoption and Engagement

6. Future Trends and Opportunities in the Metaverse

6.1 Augmented Reality Integration

6.2 Cross-Platform Collaboration

6.3 Metaverse Advertising Strategies

7. Conclusion

The news release should cover events or happenings in your district. Considering the time frame the events may be fictional in whole or part but should be representative of your situation. This work should resemble an actual newspaper article and not a public notice that would be found taped to the glass entry doors. Be sure to address the interests of internal and external stakeholders, and the community/business stakeholders.

April 5, 2024/0 Comments/in Uncategorized /by bonniejecinta

The Rise of Nationalism: Causes, Consequences, and Impact on Global Politics

April 5, 2024/0 Comments/in Uncategorized /by bonniejecinta

1. Introduction

Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, whether it is a nation that is recognized as a nation-state or a group that is recognized in international politics as having the right to self-determination. Self-determination is the idea that the community in which a people live has the right to self-government, the right to chart their own destiny. Nationalism is further oriented towards developing and maintaining a national identity based on shared characteristics such as culture, language, race, and political goals. A sense of national identity may be a by-product of the establishment of a national state, particularly in a ‘modernist’ theory where the search for freedom and a better way of life are primary motivating forces behind the desire for a nation to be recognized as a state. In historical terms, nationalism is often aligned with an anti-colonial movement. For example, the dissolution of the British Empire into separate nation-states revolves around the principle of nationalism, that most nations have the inalienable right to determine their own status and that no people should be forced to live in a colonial relationship. With regard to the rise of nationalism around the world, certain factors such as economic hardship and the erosion of national identities due to globalization have driven people to claim back their national identities, possibly through the use of populist nationalism. For instance, in Britain a sense of nationalism and a call for self-determination has led to Brexit, a movement which in essence wants to transfer the EU’s powers to the nation-state of the UK. Throughout history, the definition of nationalism and the nations that lay claim to national status have been ever-changing. The book then delves into the causes of rising nationalism, including economic, political, and cultural factors. These causes are often depicted as the roots of modern-day nationalist theory, and the authors explore the reasons why those that advocate for nationalism have been increasing in volume.

1.1 Definition of Nationalism

Nationalism is a complex term. The crucial aspect of nationalism is that the people who have a common sense of language, culture, and history want to live in their own country with a sovereign government. In fact, the nation is a basic unit of the international system and it is the way to realize the rationality, objectivity, and authenticity of people’s self-determination in the modern world. Nationalism not only facilitates the modernization of the whole country but also provides people a chance to integrate a group and achieve the target together. Modern nationalism often appears in nation-state politics. Hegemony is distinct from nationalism. Nations have a collective cluster of institutions, organizational symbols in national identities, national territory, and legal rights. The other terminology about nationalism is national concept. Nations are culturally diverse groups of people that form a natural entity that has the faculty of desire to develop the culture and preserve their identity. Nowadays, scholars agree that nationalism is an ambiguous phenomenon with many different possible manifestations. Virtually almost all of the critical discussion is focusing on modern nationalism. Because the modern nation-state is one unit from bottom to top and does not have the influence from the other unit. In the international arena, every state tries to maximize its own national interest, therefore, the majority of the world conflicts from the historical time until now are due to territorial disputes and nationalism. Hegemony is distinct from nationalism. Nations have a collective cluster of institutions, organizational symbols in national identities, national territory, and legal rights. The other terminology about nationalism is national concept. Nations are culturally diverse groups of people that form a natural entity that has the faculty of desire to develop the culture and preserve their identity. Nowadays, scholars agree that nationalism is an ambiguous phenomenon with many different possible manifestations. Virtually almost all of the critical discussion is focusing on modern nationalism. Because the modern nation-state is one unit from bottom to top and does not have the influence from the other unit. In the international arena, every state tries to maximize its own national interest, therefore, the majority of the world conflicts from the historical time until now are due to territorial disputes and nationalism.

1.2 Historical Background

Nationalism is a complex and evolving concept that has been difficult to define. For some scholars, nationalism is best understood as a political ideology that holds that a nation is the only legitimate basis for the state. For others, nationality is more than a political doctrine: it is a feeling of identity that is based on a shared sense of belonging and loyalty to a nation. A historical look into the development of nationalism and its impact on the global political landscape demonstrates that in the mid-19th century, as feelings of nationalism began to spread across Europe, they challenged dynastic and absolutist rulers in much of the world. As one after another large and multi-national empire collapsed, the result was the creation of many new and independent states; so today, the world map is still heavily influenced by the nationalist upsurges of the last two centuries. In fact, as late as the end of World War I in 1918, the world map was still dominated by large multi-national empires – the Austro-Hungarian, the Romanov in Russia, the Hohenzollern in Germany and the Ottoman Empire. However, the era of the empires had ended by 1945; dynastic and absolutist rulers trying to resist the forces of popular nationalism have long been relegated to the backwaters of history. In the modern era, scholars have been particularly interested in understanding how nationalism affects everyday politics and sociality in an increasingly interconnected world. Also, the devastating impact of World War II and the Holocaust forced scholars to pay attention to the powerful connections between nationalism and violence.