Human Subjects Protection

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Nursing

Human Subjects Protection

Human Subjects Protection

Historical Background

Clinical experiments are necessary in the medical world, but the rights of the participants must be respected. Nazi doctors conducted experiments on the prisoners detained in their concentration camps during World War II (Moreno et al., 2017). These experiments were inhuman and were done in extreme conditions of height and temperature. They did not even seek informed consent from the participants. This led to the establishment of the Nuremberg Code, which was aimed in 1947 (Moreno et al., 2017). It was aimed to protect human participants in experiments.

Historical Incidents of Abuse of Human Subjects in Research

One historical incident was done in Willowbrook School for Mentally Retarded Children in Staten Island. The residents in this school were deliberately injected with the Hepatitis virus (Jamrozik & Selgelid, 2020). There was the administration of experimental vaccines to the residents, and the risks were not fully explained to the parents. All students were required to participate in this study before being admitted to this school.

Steps To Minimize Risks On Human Subjects

I will use ethical principles when conducting research on human subjects to minimize risks. I will apply the principle of informed consent to my research. I will explain all the benefits and risks to my study participants and make voluntary informed consent before participating in my research (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt, 2019). The participants will also be able to leave the research at any point without explanation

Vulnerable Populations

Vulnerable populations require additional protection and measures against the risks linked with clinical research (Polit & Beck, 2018). They include mentally disabled individuals, terminally ill patients, pregnant women, and children. These individuals are considered vulnerable since they may not have the competency to give informed consent or may disproportionately experience side effects of clinical trials.

Appropriate Ways To Recruit Subjects

Researchers must effectively plan how they will recruit participants for their clinical trials. The researchers can use their existing social networks, collaborate with community gatekeepers, and create recruitment materials (Joseph et al., 2016). Participants can be recruited through soliciting volunteers, brochures, newspapers, and emails. They should also inform the study participants of the aim in a straightforward manner that they can understand.

Proper Way of Obtaining Consent

The researcher has first to ensure that the participants are competent, understand the purpose of the research, and give informed consent. The participants should be given the option of declining to participate in the research process (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019). The researcher must inform the participants of the benefits and risks of the trials, duration, and purpose.

Appropriately Executed Consent Components

The components of a properly executed consent include the purpose of the study, the expectation of participation, the voluntary nature of participation, and the potential benefits and risks (Polit & Beck, 2018).  The duration of the study should also be included. The participants should be informed about the components in a language that they can understand. Researchers should avoid using technical terms. Research subjects must understand all aspects of the research before giving their consent . Researchers must also ensure that the participants are fully competent to give their consent.

Committees That Protect Human Subjects

Institutional review boards protect human subjects in medical and behavioral research experiments (Polit & Beck, 2018). These Boards are present in the United States and more than eight countries in the world. Before any research on human subjects can start, researchers apply to the IRBs. The IRB can approve, disapprove, or modify the plan.

References

Jamrozik, E., & Selgelid, M. J. (2020). Ethical issues surrounding controlled human infection challenge studies in endemic low?and middle?income countries. Bioethics, 34(8), 797-808. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12802

Joseph, R. P., Keller, C., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2016). Recruiting participants into pilot trials. Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 14(2), 81-89. https://doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v14i2.1878

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2019). Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare: A guide to best practice. (4th ed.). Wolters Kluwer

Moreno, J. D., Schmidt, U., & Joffe, S. (2017). The Nuremberg Code 70 years later. JAMA, 318(9), 795. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.10265

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2018). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

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Question 

This course is designed to prepare investigators involved in the design and/or conduct of research involving human subjects to understand their obligations to protect the rights and welfare of subjects in research. The course material presents basic concepts, principles, and issues related to the protection of research participants.

Human Subjects Protection

Human Subjects Protection

Evidence-based research involving human subjects requires that researchers be cognizant of and adhere to the important tenets necessary to protect subjects from abuse, harm, injury, and/or other undesirable outcomes resulting from the research process. Based on this fact, write a minimum of 2 pages (Title page and Reference not included in page count) of an APA formatted paper answering the following questions with a minimum of 3 “short” sentences for each question:

Historical background of human subjects protection? (10 points)
Find and discuss at least one historical incident of human subjects abuse in research and what human right was violated. (10 points)
What steps will you take to minimize risks on human subjects? (10 points)
What populations are considered vulnerable populations and why? (10 points)
What are the appropriate ways to recruit subjects? (10 points)
How would you properly obtain consent? (10 points)
What are the elements of a properly executed consent? (10 points)
What committees are responsible for monitoring the protection of human subjects? (10 points)
Scoring Scheme:

Total points for questions/content: 80 points
Title page and a minimum of 2 References: 10 points
Minimum of 3 “short” sentences to answer each question: 10 points
TOTAL POINTS: 100 (the gradebook will re-weight this total as 50 points or 5% of the course grade)
NOTE: This is a written APA formatted assignment and “NOT” a YES or NO answer assignment. You are expected to answer each question with at least 3 short sentences, points will be deducted for using a single sentence. Title and Reference pages are required.

Expectations

Due: Monday, 11:59 pm PT
Length: a minimum of 2 pages, title page and references not included in page count
Citations: a minimum of 2

 

 

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Implementation Steps Outline

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Nursing

Implementation Steps Outline

Implementation Steps Outline

Communication of the needs, goals, and objectives (AMA, 2020).

Identify and embrace an interdisciplinary team.

Develop the budget and financial plan.

Vendor evaluation (AMA, 2020).

Acquisition and installation of the educational technology (AMA, 2020).

Staff training (AMA, 2020).

Selection of full-time educators to coordinate the educational programs (AMA, 2020).

Evaluate performance (Garber & Gustin, 2022).

Resource Requirements

Resources will be channeled in:

Staff training (Hamilton et al., 2021).

Acquisition of telehealth devices such as smartphones, laptops, and computers (AMA, 2020).

Installation of telehealth software (Hamilton et al., 2021).

Facilitation of nurse educators.

Maintenance of telehealth devices (Hamilton et al., 2021).

Budget projections:

Forty smartphones will be acquired.

The cost of each smartphone is approximately $190 (Amazon, n.d.)

The cost of staff training is approximately $1,000.

The cost of installing the new telehealth technology is approximately $10 per smartphone.

The cost of facilitating nurse educators is approximately $800.

Total cost is approximately $9,800.

End-User Training Requirements

End-users are the ultimate users of a technology or protocol (Flanders et al., 2019).

In this context, the end-users are the nursing staff.

Currently, the end-users are not familiar with telehealth educational technology.

The end-users are expected to use the telehealth technology effectively in their periodic educational programs (Flanders et al., 2019).

The end-users will require regular training on the use of telehealth technology (Galiatsatos et al., 2020).

Training will include the various types of telehealth technological tools, such as video conferencing.

Evaluation

The effectiveness of the implemented new technology can be evaluated using various indicators.

They include:

Nursing staff attendance to the educational programs (Garber & Gustin, 2022).

The time required to complete training programs (Hughes 2019).

Competency assessment (Garber & Gustin, 2022).

Satisfaction of end-users

Satisfaction of other stakeholders, such as the members of the administration (Garber & Gustin, 2022).

References

AMA. (2020). Telehealth Implementation Playbook. Ama, 1–78. https://www.ama-assn.org/terms-use

Amazon. (n.d.). Smartphones. https://www.amazon.com/smartphones/s?k=smartphones

Flanders, D., Pirpiris, A., Corcoran, N., Forsyth, R., & Grills, R. (2019). Lessons Learned and New Challenges: Re-evaluation of End-User Assessment of a Skills-Based Training Program for Urology Trainees. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 6, 238212051983455. https://doi.org/10.1177/2382120519834552

Galiatsatos, P., Kachalia, A., Belcher, H. M. E., Hughes, M. T., Kahn, J., Rushton, C. H., Suarez, J. I., Biddison, L. D., & Golden, S. H. (2020). Health Equity and Distributive Justice Considerations in Critical Care Resource Allocation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 8(August), 758–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30277-0

Garber, K., & Gustin, T. (2022). Telehealth Education: Impact on Provider Experience and Adoption. Nurse Educator, 47(2), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000001103

Hamilton, H., Iradukunda, F., & Aselton, P. (2021). The Integration of Telehealth in Nursing Education: A New Frontier. Journal of Informatics Nursing, 6(1), 18–25. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=jlh&AN=149661516&site=ehost-live

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Question 

Assessment 4 Instructions: Vila Health: Implementing New Educational Technology
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Develop and record an 8-10-slide, asynchronous, audiovisual presentation to executive leaders of your plan for implementing the proposed educational technology change detailed in the needs assessment and impact statement you completed in Assessments 1 and 2. In addition, develop a detailed outline of your implementation plan as a supplement to your presentation.

Implementation Steps Outline

Implementation Steps Outline

Introduction
Note: Each assessment in this course builds upon the work you have completed in previous assessments. Therefore, complete the assessments in the order in which they are presented.

The incorporation of technology into educational settings is a learned skill, and nurse educators must have a thorough understanding of a technology’s capabilities, benefits, and use. In nursing and health care, the use of technology is no longer an option (Axley, 2008). Nursing educators recognize the need for technology and are taking a proactive role in its adoption and use in teaching and learning. The use of technology in academic settings mirrors the technology that is being used in practice areas.

This assessment provides an opportunity for you to develop and present a plan for implementing a proposed educational technology change.

Reference
Axley, L. (2008). The integration of technology into nursing curricula: Supporting faculty via the technology fellowship program. http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/vol132008/No3Sept08/ArticlePreviousTopic/IntegrationofTechnology.html

Note: Complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.

Preparation
For this assessment, you will develop and record an asynchronous, audiovisual presentation, to executive leaders, of your plan for implementing the proposed educational technology change detailed in the needs assessment and impact statement you completed in Assessments 1 and 2.

To prepare for the assessment, you are encouraged to begin thinking about how to implement your plan and how best to present it to executive leaders. You may also wish to:

Review the assessment instructions and scoring guide to ensure you understand the work you will be asked to complete.
Be sure that your audiovisual equipment works and that you know how to record and upload your presentation.
Note: Remember that you can submit all, or a portion of, your draft presentation to Smarthinking Tutoring for feedback, before you submit the final version for this assessment. If you plan on using this free service, be mindful of the turnaround time of 24–48 hours for receiving feedback.

The following resources are required to complete the assessment.

MSN Program Journey
Please review this guide for your degree program. It can help you stay on track for your practice immersion experience, so you may wish to bookmark it for later reference.

MSN Program Journey.
Templates
Use this template for your implementation plan outline:

Implementation Plan Template [DOCX].
Media
Vila Health: Implementing New Educational Technology.
Vila Health is a virtual environment that simulates a real-world health care system. In the various Vila Health challenges, you will apply professional strategies, practice skills, and build competencies that you can apply to your coursework and in your career. This interactive exercise offers some insight into the potential implications of educational technology use, which can be helpful when developing your technology implementation plan.
Audiovisual Equipment Setup and Testing
Because you will make a video recording of your presentation, it is a good idea to check that your recording hardware and software is working properly and that you are familiar with its use.

If using Kaltura, refer to the Using Kaltura tutorial for directions on recording and uploading your video in the courseroom.
See the Course Overview for links to these resources.

You may use Microsoft PowerPoint or other suitable presentation software to create your slides. If you elect to use an application other than PowerPoint, check with your faculty to avoid potential file compatibility issues.

Note: If you require the use of assistive technology or alternative communication methods to participate in this activity, please contact DisabilityServices@capella.edu to request accommodations.

Requirements
Using Kaltura or similar software, record an audiovisual presentation of your plan for implementing new educational technology, an upgrade in existing technology, or a change in how existing technology is currently being used.

Note: If you have not already done so, complete the Vila Health: Implementing New Educational Technology challenge.

Before you begin work on your presentation, develop a detailed outline of your implementation plan, using the Implementation Plan Template. The outline will guide the development of your presentation and serve as a useful handout for the attendees.

The implementation plan requirements, outlined below, correspond to the grading criteria in the scoring guide, so be sure to address each point. Read the performance-level descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed. In addition, be sure to note the requirements below for presentation format and length and for citing supporting evidence.

Outline the steps in a plan for implementing changes in existing educational technologies or aspects of their current use.
Consider contingent steps for areas of uncertainty.
Determine the resource requirements for a successful implementation. Be sure to include:
Required human and capital resources.
Budget projections.
Technical support requirements.
Determine the end-user training requirements for successful implementation.
What is the current level of end-user knowledge and expertise with regard to the proposed changes?
What are the end-user performance expectations?
What type of initial and ongoing support will end users need?
Formulate a plan to evaluate the effectiveness of the change.
What performance measurement data do you need for a valid assessment?
What reasonable conclusions can be drawn from the data?
Develop slides that augment your presentation.
Refer to the presentation design tips in the Suggested Resources.
Communicate effectively with executive leaders in presenting your educational technology change implementation plan.
Consider the information needs of your audience and any potential concerns they might have about the plan.
What questions or objections are they likely to raise?
How would you respond?
Support assertions, arguments, propositions, and conclusions with relevant and credible evidence.
Integrate relevant and credible evidence from 3–5 peer-reviewed journals or professional industry publications.
Be sure your supporting evidence is clear and explicit.
How or why does particular evidence support a claim?
Will your reader see the connection?
Be sure to summarize, paraphrase, and quote your sources appropriately.
Presentation Format and Length
Remember, you may use Microsoft PowerPoint or other suitable presentation software to create your slides. If you decide to use an application other than PowerPoint, check with your faculty to avoid potential file compatibility issues.

Be sure that your slide deck includes the following slides:
Title.
Introduction. (The reasons for your presentation.)
Planned Change. (Describe the new technology, upgrade, or change in current use.)
References. (At the end of your presentation.)
Your slide deck should consist of 8–10 slides, not including the title, introduction, planned change, and references slides.
Use the speaker’s notes section of each slide to develop your talking points and cite your sources, as appropriate.
Supporting Evidence
Cite 3–5 credible sources from peer-reviewed journals or professional industry publications to support your presentation.

Additional Requirements
Be sure to submit both your presentation slides and implementation plan outline for this assessment.

Proofread your slides to minimize errors that could distract the audience and make it more difficult to focus on the substance of your presentation.

Portfolio Prompt: You may choose to save your presentation to your ePortfolio.

Competencies Measured
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

Competency 1: Plan for the implementation of technology into nursing education.
Outline the steps in a plan for implementing changes in existing educational technologies or aspects of their current use.
Determine the resource requirements for a successful technology change implementation.
Determine the end-user training requirements for successful technology change implementation.
Competency 4: Assess the value of educational technology in academic and/or health care environments.
Formulate a plan to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational technology change.
Competency 5: Communicate effectively with diverse audiences in an appropriate form and style consistent with applicable organizational, professional, and scholarly standards.
Develop slides that augment a multimedia presentation.
Communicate effectively with executive leaders in presenting an educational technology change implementation plan.
Support assertions, arguments, propositions, and conclusions with relevant and credible evidence.

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Health Organization Evaluation

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Nursing

Health Organization Evaluation

Health Organization Evaluation

Description of United Healthcare

United Healthcare is a for-profit healthcare organization that offers a wide range of health insurance and healthcare products. United Healthcare is one of the largest health insurance providers in the United States. The company’s services are available in over 130 countries globally. The organization’s mission is focused on helping people live better, healthier lives. It also aims to make it possible for healthcare systems to meet everyone’s needs. United Healthcare provides strengthening to health systems to improve the quality and performance of the health systems and improve the quality and affordability of health care services. Driven by a vision to develop a value-based system of care delivery, United Healthcare supports public systems, employers, and other providers of care to improve access to healthcare services. The company, as guided by its founding principles of integrity, relationships, continuous innovation, and compassion, has actively promoted better patient-care provider relationships and has provided guidance, information, and necessary tools to support better health decisions to achieve affordable and accessible healthcare. The healthcare company is well-equipped with healthcare professionals who are focused on improving patient outcomes and experiences.

United Healthcare Overall Readiness

United Healthcare is ready to meet the healthcare needs of its clients in the next decade. The current trends in healthcare present a challenging future for healthcare systems. These challenges require responsive and capacitated healthcare systems that are able to sustainably promote large-scale health and wellbeing (Theobald et al., 2018). Currently, United Healthcare offers a wide range of health coverage services and programs, including support for out-of-coverage access and chronic health issues coverage that are actively supporting and promoting the sustainability of the healthcare systems of the United States and the countries it operates in. The programs and services have proved to improve access to health care services by providing coverage solutions irrespective of income disparities.

United Healthcare is also leveraging its broad network to develop data useful in the planning of healthcare. Currently, the company has provided evidence-based information to partners and healthcare providers that have greatly influenced healthcare decisions, policies, and the quality of healthcare services. The company, therefore, has an advantage due to its extensive network to collect data and develop workable strategies that will assist in healthcare service planning and health business planning. Planning for the future based on the collected data will also help align the company’s resources with future healthcare coverage and service demands for improved productivity and quality healthcare services. The company will also be able to make use of this data to design and implement more patient-centered healthcare and health insurance services that assist in achieving its goal of better patient satisfaction.

The company is currently adopting digital systems to support the development of advanced person-centric and integrated care delivery systems. The company’s goal for developing digital health systems is to improve the accessibility of healthcare services through digital systems and the affordability of care. It also aims to leverage scientific best practices by integrating data in its approach to managed care to improve the efficiency of clinical access and claims.

Strategic Plan to Address Issues Pertaining to Network Growth, Nurse Staffing, Resource Management, and Patient Satisfaction

The current healthcare landscape characterized by pandemics, aging populations, economic uncertainty, and chronic health diseases offers strategic opportunities and challenges for health insurance organizations and service providers. These strategic opportunities and challenges have an impact on the growth of organizations, the level of staffing, resource management, and the satisfaction of the patients. For United Healthcare to successfully navigate through the period, the organization will have to apply strategic thinking in its planning.

The proposed strategic plan for United Healthcare will focus on improving administrative standards, adopting a culturally-informed approach to health care, adopting performance-based contracting, securing common administrative standards, utilizing modern technological achievements, nursing development, professional leadership development, and the use of evidence-based approaches to health management and care delivery.

The improvement of administrative standards will include the adoption of digital decision support systems and blockchain technology in the management of patient and provider data. According to Dimitrov (2019), blockchain-based data management systems present an opportunity to improve the efficiency of data management and reduction of costs. The adoption of blockchain for data management will improve data safety, security, and provider and patient experiences. This improves the timeliness of services, quality, and efficiency of claims reimbursements.

The plan will also focus on adapting the healthcare insurance services and programs to various cultures. Designing programs to fit in with the diverse global cultures will improve provider and user satisfaction, resulting in wider subscriptions and the organization expanding to new and emerging markets.

Finally, the strategic plan will also include the establishment of a nurse professional development center to provide both leadership and nursing skills development. This will help the organization meet the current market and workforce changes, reduce turnover intentions, and attract new nurses. It will also ensure that nurses are equipped with the right skills to review the utilization and management of resources and design improved care plans for patients.

Current and Potential Issues Facing United Healthcare Culture and Their Effect on Aspects of the Strategic Plan

The current and potential issues that may affect United Healthcare’s ability to implement the strategic plan are related to its size and ability to adapt to changes and the company’s simultaneous execution of several projects. Organizational size is a factor in a successful change process. As one of the largest providers of health insurance in the US, United Healthcare is most likely to have a slowed adaptation to the change process as the healthcare markets are fast changing. The introduction and use of new processes, technologies, and programs may take long before they are totally agreed on and implemented across the entire organization.

Another potential issue is related to the company’s engagement in multiple healthcare projects and businesses. A successful transformation process must be achieved in the micro and macro projects the company is executing. Projects have diverse requirements as per their internal and external environments when it comes to change. In addition, ongoing projects and programs overlap in terms of resource usage, and the company’s business management may find it hard to choose and prioritize programs and projects to execute during the transformation period.

Theoretical Model to Support Implementation of the Strategic Plan for United Healthcare

The strategic plan for United Healthcare to address issues related to the company’s growth, nurse staffing, resource management, and patient satisfaction is transformational. The company will have to change various aspects like its overall business model, the design of its current products and services, the processes of doing business, and the current business system to adopt digital systems of care management. The successful implementation of the company’s transformative strategic plan and achievement of its strategic goals can be achieved by adopting a theoretical model that supports successful and continuous change in individuals and related social systems. The implementation of United Healthcare’s strategic plan will therefore be best supported by the Transformational Leadership Theory.

The Transformational Leadership Theory is a leadership model in which the leader works collaboratively with the subjects to identify and define the changes that are needed within the organization, develop a clear vision by inspiring the followers, and implement changes needed by converting the followers into associates (Siangchokyoo et al., 2020). The transformational leadership theory is modeled around four primary components, including idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration (Collins et al., 2019). Therefore, the leadership model focuses on intrinsic motivation, developing and promoting innovativeness and creativity at an individual level, and influencing behaviors based on leadership practices.

The Transformational Leadership model offers the best support for the implementation of United Healthcare Group’s strategic plan as it promotes consistency in employees’ focus on the organization’s vision, mission, and set values. As the healthcare markets are becoming uncertain and the business environment is equally unstable, the transformational leadership model will help United Healthcare achieve improved employee satisfaction, commitment, and engagement.

 References

Collins, E., Owen, P., Digan, J., & Dunn, F. (2019). Applying transformational leadership in nursing practice. Nursing Standard, 35(5), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2019.e11408

Dimitrov, D. V. (2019). Blockchain applications for healthcare data management. Healthcare informatics research, 25(1), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2019.25.1.51

Siangchokyoo, N., Klinger, R. L., & Campion, E. D. (2020). Follower transformation as the linchpin of transformational leadership theory: A systematic review and future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 31(1), 101341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101341

Theobald, S., Brandes, N., Gyapong, M., El-Saharty, S., Proctor, E., Diaz, T., … & Peters, D. H. (2018). Implementation research: new imperatives and opportunities in global health. The Lancet, 392(10160), 2214-2228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32205-0

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Question 

My choice for the assignment: The healthcare organization is United Healthcare. Please use the Transformational Leadership Theory to discuss it.

Assignment: Research a healthcare organization or network that spans several states within the United States (United Healthcare). Assess the readiness of the healthcare organization or network you chose in regard to meeting the healthcare needs of citizens in the next decade.

Health Organization Evaluation

Health Organization Evaluation

Prepare a 1,000-1,250 word paper that presents your assessment and proposes a strategic plan to ensure readiness. Include the following:

Describe the healthcare organization or network.
Describe the organization’s overall readiness based on your findings.
Prepare a strategic plan to address issues pertaining to network growth, nurse staffing, resource management, and patient satisfaction.
Identify any current or potential issues within the organizational culture and discuss how these issues may affect aspects of the strategic plan.
Propose a theory or model that could be used to support the implementation of the strategic plan for this organization. Explain why this theory or model is best.
You are required to cite a minimum of three sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be appropriate for the assignment and relevant to nursing practice.

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EXAMINING NURSING SPECIALTIES

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Nursing, Pages: 2

EXAMINING NURSING SPECIALTIES

EXAMINING NURSING SPECIALTIES

Thank you for your post. Congratulations on choosing Psychiatric Mental Health nursing practice as your specialty. I believe you will make a good nurse in that field. There is a need for nurses with your chosen specialty, just like you, given the rise of mental illnesses across the country and the world at large. For instance, it is estimated that more than one in five people lives with a mental illness in the United States, translating to 57.1 million people (National Institute of Mental Health, 2021). Psychiatric mental health nurses are very crucial in the management of this endemic. Their role is to examine, diagnose, and treat their patient’s mental health needs (American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2019). Another professional organization you can check out is the Association of Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurses (AAPPN). AAPPN is a professional organization that helps in connecting fellow members, building clinical skills, and working to protect the profession. For as low as $50 per year, a student may register to join the organization through their website (AAPPN, 2023).

References

AAPPN. (2023). Our Community – AAPPN. Association of Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurses. https://www.aappn.org/about/aappn-community/#https://www.aappn.org/about/aappn-community/#

American Association of Nurse Practitioners. (2019, December 13). Are you considering a career as a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner? American Association of Nurse Practitioners. https://www.aanp.org/news-feed/are-you-considering-a-career-as-psychiatric-mental-health-nurse-practitioner

National Institute of Mental Health. (2021, January). Mental Illness. Www.nimh.nih.gov. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness#:~:text=Mental%20illnesses%20are%20common%

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Question 

EXAMINING NURSING SPECIALTIES
You have probably seen one or more of the many inspirational posters about decisions. A visual such as a forked road or a street sign is typically pictured, along with a quote designed to inspire.

EXAMINING NURSING SPECIALTIES

EXAMINING NURSING SPECIALTIES

Decisions are often not so easily inspired. Perhaps you discovered this when choosing a specialty within the MSN program. This decision is a critical part of your plan for success, and you no doubt want to get it right. This is yet another area where your network can help, as well as other sources of information that can help you make an informed choice.

Note: Unless otherwise noted, initial postings to Discussions are due on or before Day 3, and response postings are due on or before Day 6. You are required to participate in the Discussion on at least three different days (a different day for the main post and each response). It is important to adhere to the weekly time frame to allow others ample time to respond to your posting. In addition, you are expected to respond to questions directed toward your own initial posting in a timely manner.

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Foundational Neuroscience Concepts

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Nursing

Foundational Neuroscience Concepts

Foundational Neuroscience Concepts

Foundational neuroscience concepts are the basic ideas about neuroscience that each scholar and professional in the field should know. The importance of understanding the concepts cannot be overstated, especially for PMHNPs. PMHNPs perform important roles in psychiatry, like diagnosing people, determining the extent of their issues, and prescribing the appropriate treatment for their clients’ health issues (Rodriguez-Menendez et al., 2022). Understanding the concepts is very important for PMHNPs because it enables them to perform their various functions more effectively and accurately. A good understanding of the basic concepts enables professionals to understand the reasons for the various choices they may need to make to ensure high-quality prescriptions and safe prescriptions.

Some of the basic concepts concern neuroanatomical knowledge. Understanding the different types of neurons and the tissues involved is important for knowing the parts of the nervous system that play different roles and are, therefore, impacted by the various chemical agents. Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological concepts enable professionals to know the normal functioning of the nervous system and, therefore, gain the knowledge needed to properly diagnose patients and prescribe relevant medications (Godoy et al., 2018). For instance, the various parts of the brain are involved differently in illnesses like addiction and memory loss. Therefore, various pharmacological agents affect the parts differently, and taking the appropriate medications ensures improved outcomes. Understanding how the fundamental units interact helps guide proper prescriptions while avoiding adverse consequences like addiction to medications like SSNRs.

Foundational Neuroscience Concepts

PMHNPs also depend on knowledge of pharmacology and pharmacodynamics to determine the medications to prescribe. Different medications interact differently with different parts of the nervous system (Gadow, 2018). Some are analogs of neurotransmitters like dopamine and GABA, and their functions involve increasing or reducing the functions of various neurotransmitters. Understanding basic concepts ensures that PMHNPs offer evidence-based prescriptions that are effective and target appropriate areas of the brain and the patients’ nervous systems (Gadow, 2018). For instance, understanding the various neurotransmitters and concepts like action potential helps PMHNPs know why they should prescribe certain drugs over others and the medications to avoid safely care for their patients.

References

Gadow, K. D. (2018). Fundamental concepts in pharmacotherapy: An overview. Children On Medication Volume II, 1-20. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429489051-1/fundamental- concepts-pharmacotherapy-kenneth-gadow

Godoy, L. D., Rossignoli, M. T., Delfino-Pereira, P., Garcia-Cairasco, N., & de Lima Umeoka, E. (2018). A comprehensive overview on stress neurobiology: basic concepts and clinical implications. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 12, 127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00127

Rodriguez-Menendez, G., Shelton, S., Steinman, J., Barr, M., Cunningham, A., Glaser, D., … & Rom-Rymer, B. N. (2022). Toward a new predoctoral model: Education and training in clinical psychopharmacology. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 30(1), https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pha0000514

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Question 

Foundational Neuroscience Concepts

Explore the potential impacts of foundational neuroscience on the prescription of pharmacotherapeutics.

Analyze the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents

Foundational Neuroscience Concepts

Foundational Neuroscience Concepts

.Compare the actions of g couple proteins to ion-gated channels

Analyze the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action

Analyze the impact of foundational neuroscience on the prescription of medications

References x 3

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DNP Program Admission

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Nursing

DNP Program Admission

DNP Program Admission

Founded on the theoretical postulates of Florence Nightingale, modern nursing presents a diverse approach to patient care. Nurses are found in almost all healthcare facilities. Their responsibilities and contribution to patients’ overall care make them the cornerstone of global healthcare systems. The criticality of nursing roles in patient care informs the need for nursing knowledge and skills advancements. Formal educational nursing provides an opportunity for nurses to advance their knowledge and skills in various medical fields. The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) is a terminal nursing degree designed to produce nursing leaders. In this paper, I detail my interest in achieving a degree as a DNP, my professional and personal goals, how I see myself in my DNP roles, and how attaining DNP will enhance my professional presence.

DNP is the ultimate nursing degree that is targeted at producing nursing leaders. It equips nurses with the prerequisite leadership and interpersonal skills necessary for clinical engagements. DNP also bolsters nurses’ expertise and clinical skills in handling clinical complexities. DNP also provides nurses with adept nursing knowledge to influence healthcare outcomes through the implementation of healthcare policies, patient care, and organizational leadership. My interest in achieving a degree in DNP has been informed by my desire to continue producing a positive impact on my patients’ lives. In a DNP position, I will be able to make critical and advanced clinical decisions on healthcare interventions for my patients. I will also maintain influence on their outcomes by directing organizational changes targeted at ensuring patient wellbeing.

As a DNP, my personal goal is to maintain excellence in nursing care. In this respect, I intend to expand my expertise and nursing knowledge to serve my patients optimally and effectively. My professional goal is to be able to influence other nurses as well as other healthcare providers positively to optimize their roles on the patients. In this respect, I am willing to provide a framework for training younger nurses in aspects of nursing care, mentor other nurses in nursing leadership, and coordinate care with other healthcare providers.

In a DNP role, I see myself as a nurse leader capable of driving positive changes within my healthcare landscape. In this regard, I will employ my interpersonal skills to engage other nurses in aspects of nursing and clinical care. I will also engage other healthcare stakeholders and administrators in laying the groundwork for quality improvement in the care process. As a nurse leader, I will also utilize my advocacy roles to influence positive patient changes and oversee the implementation of healthcare policies that favor growth and enhance the quality of the overall care received by the patients. I will also utilize my expertise and advanced nursing knowledge to provide direct care to patients requiring higher care acuity.

Attaining a DNP will considerably enhance my professional presence. DNP is a terminal nursing degree capable of producing excellent nurse leaders. It epitomizes the nursing cadre with the best nursing experience and expertise for handling various clinical complexities. Attaining a DNP will, therefore, place my nursing practice at the very apex of nursing practice. It will enable me to influence changes within the nursing profession through training and advocacy. The credentials presented therein by this degree will magnify my voice in advocating for various changes and enhance my reputation within the vast nursing profession.

DNP is thus an important nursing cadre. It epitomizes the highest educational level for conventional nursing training. Attaining a DNP comes with advanced nursing experience and knowledge necessary for influencing changes in healthcare. As a DNP, I will be able to not only produce impactful changes in healthcare but will also enable me to make important healthcare decisions during patient care.

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Please submit a 500-word structured essay about the following writing prompt:
In making your decision to advance your practice with a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree, please
Discuss all the following:

DNP Program Admission

DNP Program Admission

Your interest in achieving a degree as a DNP
Your personal and professional goals as a DNP
How you see yourself in the role of a DNP
How attaining a DNP will enhance your professional presence

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Downward Causation

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Downward Causation

Downward Causation

Causal processes occur in either downward or upward causation. In downward causation, changes in an aspect of a process cause changes in another aspect of the same process. Further, these changes in an aspect of a whole cannot be predicted by another aspect of the whole (Gambini & Pullin, 2016). The downward causation is also referred to as top-down causation. Examples of downward causation are evident in the universe.

Examples of downward causation are evident in nature. One example is the formation of rainbows. It is known that rainbows form on days when the weather consists of rainfall and sunlight; however, the formation of rainbows involves a downward causation process. For the formation of rainbows, sun rays must pass through the raindrops; this light from the sun is then refracted, resulting in the formation of rainbows. This illustrates that the first change in weather conditions is the presence of rainfall and sunlight, causing the passing of light through raindrops, resulting in another change, rainbow formation.

Examples are evident in health. For instance, a calm individual tends to have a deep sleep; however, when an individual goes through a stressful situation, sleep issues develop, resulting in insomnia, which contributes to the development of diseases. Subsequently, a change in the aura and mental state due to various factors results in a change in the sleep patterns in individuals. The consequences might be mild, such as trouble sleeping, or severe, such as insomnia and night paralysis. However, these results cannot be predicted initially.

In my case, under normal circumstances, my body’s functionality is in a healthy state. However, my digestive system is affected under stress, resulting in digestive issues such as indigestion and gas. Thus, a change in my mental state results in a change in my physical body.

References

Gambini, R., & Pullin, J. (2016). Event ontology in quantum mechanics and downward causation. http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/12231/1/eventontology.pdf.

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Discussion posts should be between 150-300 words, and resources must be cited using APA formatting.

Downward Causation

Downward Causation

Write clearly, concisely, and with expression

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Eating Disorders

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Nursing

Eating Disorders

Eating Disorders

An eating disorder is a trait with no specific sex orientation, race, age, or gender. This is common among young adults. There are two types of eating disorders that will be discussed below,: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Further on, the consequences, causes, diagnoses, and treatment options will be described in the essay below.

Compare and contrast anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

These two are types of eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa happens when someone starves to avoid being obese. People who have this disorder have a perception that they are overweight despite malnourishment. Some of the classical manifestations of this eating disorder include low blood pressure, renal failure, kidney damage, and cardiomyopathy. Bulimia nervosa, on the other hand, is an eating disorder where a person uses a diet to purge the calories taken during their stress or anger periods. The purging patients will induce vomiting or use diuretics and laxatives, while the non-purging will overwork their bodies during physical exercises. The clinical manifestations for persons with bulimia nervosa are damage to the functionality of the heart, damage to the GIT (gastrointestinal system), and damage to the esophagus; they also have hepatic failure and renal failure.

Who is more likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? Why?

They are common among teenagers and young adults. This is because most of them are undergoing body changes, which can be very difficult for them. Because of the dissatisfaction, they resolve to disorderly eating in an attempt to cut down their perceived weight and control their anxiety and fear of adding weight. So they either use medications such as laxatives or diuretics. They also induce vomiting to get rid of the perceived excessive calories in the body.

What are the causes contributing to anorexia nervosa?

The exact cause of this disease has not been found yet. However, research has shown that three factors play a role in causing anorexia nervosa. These three factors are psychological, environmental factors, and biological factors (Culbert et al., 2015). The psychological factors include personality traits such as obsessive-compulsive traits. People with this personality trait tend to strictly stick to their diets despite being hungry. They have a higher level of perfectionism, which makes them think they are not thin enough and need to cut down more weight. Biological factors include genetics. Those people who have genetics associated with perfectionism and sensitivity are more likely to have anorexia nervosa (Trace et al., 2013). Environmental factors include peer pressure from friends to have a slim and thin body.

What are the consequences of eating disorders?

Almost every system is affected when one has any of these two eating disorders. It causes vital changes, and one presents with cases of bradycardia, hypothermia, and hypotension (Smink et al., 2013). Their resting heart rates are at a range of 40-49 beats per minute. The skin also becomes dry; one develops edema at the peripherals and swelling of submandibular and parotid glands. Hair may also start thinning out. Elevated functionality of the liver, leading to liver failure and reduced levels of the white blood cells, decreasing one’s immunity and making them susceptible, may be noted. With low-calorie intake, insulin clearance is impaired because of low levels of glucose in the blood. Another consequence of disordered eating is the loss of the bulkiness of the muscle. For those with anorexia nervosa, they may end up with aplastic anemia and pancytopenia. Amenorrhea is also a noticeable consequence in patients with bulimia nervosa.

How can one diagnose eating disorders?

SCOFF questionnaire is used for diagnosis (Hill et al., 2010). S stands for Sick and seeks to know if one makes oneself sick before being full. C stands for control over how much one eats. O stands for a loss of one stone in three months. F stands for fat, which helps to determine if one believes to be fat, and the last F stands for Food, which explores if food dominates the life of an individual. ESP (Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care) questionnaire may be used for screening, too (Staten, 2013). It has 5 questions. To rule out the differential diagnoses of these eating disorders, such as depression, anemia, and pregnancies, some laboratory studies are run. These include a comprehensive blood chemistry blood panel to detect any complications as a result of these eating disorders. It helps to check hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, hypomagnesium, and hypophosphatemia. A complete blood count is checked for exclusion of hematologic abnormalities, urinalysis for urine gravity to determine hydration state, and amylase test, which is positive for those with significant vomiting with the primary problem of hypersecretion of salivary glands.

What are the treatment and support options for a person who has eating disorders?

There are many treatment approaches and support that can be given to these patients depending on which works best for either of them. Psychological therapy is provided to these people. These include family therapies, cognitive behavioral therapy, individual therapy, family-based therapy, and group therapy (Rosen, 2010). So, as a nurse, the goal is to refer them to psychiatrists and encourage these patients to attend their therapy classes. Apart from therapy, drugs can be administered. For example, estrogen replacement drugs such as contraceptive pills, calcium, and vitamin supplements can be given.

References

Culbert, K. M., Racine, S. E., & Klump, K. L. (2015). Research Review: What we have learned about the causes of eating disorders–a synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(11), 1141-1164. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12441

Hill, L. S., Reid, F., Morgan, J. F., & Lacey, J. H. (2010). SCOFF, the development of an eating disorder screening questionnaire. International journal of eating disorders, 43(4), 344-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20679

Rosen, D. S. (2010). Identification and management of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 126(6), 1240-1253. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/126/6/1240.short

Smink, F. R., van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H. W. (2013). Epidemiology, course, and outcome of eating disorders. Current opinion in psychiatry, 26(6), 543-548. https://journals.lww.com/co-psychiatry/Abstract/2013/11000/Epidemiology,_course,_and_outcome_of_eating.5.aspx

Staten, R. A. (2013). Eating disorder in a young active-duty male. Military medicine, 178(7), e884-e889. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00543

Trace, S. E., Baker, J. H., Peñas-Lledó, E., & Bulik, C. M. (2013). The genetics of eating disorders. Annual review of clinical psychology, 9, 589-620. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185546

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Question 

Instructions:

Written in APA format using proper spelling/grammar, research the topic of eating disorders and address the following:
Compare and contrast anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Eating Disorders

Eating Disorders

Who is more likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? Why?

What are the causes contributing to anorexia nervosa?

What are the consequences of eating disorders?

How can one diagnose eating disorders?

What are the treatment and support options for a person who has eating disorders?

Be sure to include APA citations for any resources you used as references.

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Communication Strategies & HIPPA

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Nursing

Communication Strategies & HIPPA

Communication Strategies & HIPPA

Question 1

When it comes to interacting with patients and other members of the healthcare team, nurses at my healthcare institution are increasingly turning to a broad variety of devices and communication techniques. Smartphones, barcode readers, and tablets are a few instances of the communication technology that is available today (Martin et al., 2019). Those who use the aforementioned devices have a number of different alternatives accessible to them for communicating, some of which include sending an email, sending a text message, or making a phone call. When it comes to gaining access to medical records and receiving information on patient treatment, they are all very important players. On occasion, nursing therapies might be recorded with their help employing them.

The use of online technologies and clinical practice standards provides registered nurses with access to healthcare information. Through the use of integrated smart medical systems, they are also able to electronically place lab test orders, access patient data, and get lab test results. Electronic communication is seen as being effective, safe, and efficient within the framework of the medical field (Nussbaum et al., 2018). EHealth, which mostly refers to activities that are conducted over the web or the internet, is largely considered a tool that saves time by the majority of medical personnel, including registered nurses. The more effectively patients are able to communicate via technological means, the more content the patients may become.

Question 2

Confidentiality, integrity, and confidentiality of the patient are important for a variety of reasons. As a result of the healthcare facility’s HIPAA policy, sensitive patient information has always been protected. The policy considers privacy as an essential component of human well-being and something that is objectively valued. HIPAA regulations compel healthcare organizations to safeguard the patient data that is gathered in the clinical setting (Neame et al., 2020).

Therefore, the healthcare facility is expected to maintain the security of all patient information at all times. For example, physicians are prohibited by HIPAA’s confidentiality guidelines from releasing patient information that is revealed during treatment. The policy also prohibits the healthcare facility from releasing data that is either inadvertent or prohibited. Confidentiality policies often consider it a breach of privacy.

The organization’s HIPAA policy emphasizes security in addition to confidentiality restrictions. It obstructs unauthorized access to information from the outset. General data alteration and disclosure policies restrict outsiders from accessing or modifying any data. Instead, the policy encourages the use of automated data processing (Bui et al., 2020). In addition, the policy restricts the patient’s privacy by prohibiting the willful refusal of services. Third parties are barred from accessing some patient-based services. The healthcare system’s security and confidentiality are jeopardized if unauthorized outsiders gain entry.

In accordance with the organization’s HIPAA policy, the individual’s privacy and autonomy are protected. When it comes to the most sensitive patient information, such as a client’s psychological health and treatment, the organization’s policy often includes extensive health information recommendations to clinicians. Step-by-step instructions are frequently beneficial in giving appropriate parties access to or use of the patient’s personal information. In addition, the policy explains to users how to take legal action if they get illicit material. Measures to protect the privacy and confidentiality of the patient are critical in ensuring the patient’s safety against security breaches.

References

Bui, Q. A., Lee, W. B., Lee, J. S., Wu, H. L., & Liu, J. Y. (2020). Biometric-based key management for satisfying patients’ control over health information in the HIPAA regulations. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS), 14(1), 437- 454.

Martin, G., Ghafur, S., Cingolani, I., Symons, J., King, D., Arora, S., & Darzi, A. (2019). The effects and preventability of 2627 patient safety incidents related to health information technology failures: a retrospective analysis of 10 years of incident reporting in England and Wales. The Lancet Digital Health, 1(3), e127-e135.

Neame, M. T., Sefton, G., Roberts, M., Harkness, D., Sinha, I. P., & Hawcutt, D. B. (2020). Evaluating health information technologies: A systematic review of framework recommendations. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 142, 104247.

Nussbaum, S. R., Carter, M. J., Fife, C. E., DaVanzo, J., Haught, R., Nusgart, M., & Cartwright, (2018). An economic evaluation of the impact, cost, and medicare policy implications of chronic nonhealing wounds. Value in Health, 21(1), 27-32.

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What electronic communication strategies are used at your organization to communicate with patients?

Communication Strategies & HIPPA

Communication Strategies & HIPPA

Based on your organization’s HIPAA policy, how is patient privacy and confidentiality protected?

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Community Health

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Nursing

Community Health

Community Health

Even though the quality of health care in the United States has been improving over the years, several health disparities still exist. There are disparities in the prevalence of diabetes among different populations. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is more likely to affect individuals from minority populations. Minority populations make up 25% of the adults with diabetes mellitus in the US (Kahn et al., 2019). Asian Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and African Americans are at a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Several measures have been put in place to reduce diabetes health disparities. For instance, the National Diabetes Prevention Program has been crucial in helping individuals with prediabetes delay or prevent type 2 diabetes. Different ethnic and racial minority groups have been enrolling in the program, thus helping reduce the prevalence of type diabetes among the populations. While working with a lifestyle coach, the participants of the program learn to cope with stress, be physically active, and make better food choices. These practices help in preventing the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Since the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Native Americans is 2 to 3 times that of whites, programs have been initiated to reduce the prevalence of diabetes in this population. The Native Diabetes Wellness Program is one of the programs that aims at preventing type 2 diabetes in Native Americans by honoring a balance between cultural practices and Western science in the Indian country (DeBruyn et al., 2020). The program promotes physical activity and healthy eating among children by developing a series of colorful books.

Moreover, national diabetes quality improvement initiatives have played a key role in reducing the disparities in the prevalence of diabetes. For instance, some of the deficiencies in health care have been addressed through the Diabetes Quality Improvement Project (DQIP). DQIP is a collaborative effort of health services organizations, insurance organizations, diabetes organizations, and diabetes health care providers. It allows the collaboration of different healthcare providers and organizations in preventing diabetes.

All in all, several measures have been put in place to address the health disparities in diabetes. By allowing individuals from minority groups to enroll in the program, the National Diabetes Prevention Program has played a key role in preventing type 2 diabetes. The Native Diabetes Wellness Program mainly targets the prevention of diabetes among Native Americans.

References

DeBruyn, L., Fullerton, L., Satterfield, D., & Frank, M. (2020). Integrating culture and history to promote health and help prevent type 2 diabetes in American Indian/alaska native communities: Traditional foods have become a way to talk about health. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.190213

Kahn, H. S., Gregg, E. W., Fujimoto, W. Y., & Imperatore, G. (2019). Prevalence of Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 2011-2016. Jama Network, 30341(24), 2389–2398. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.19365

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Question 

Community Health

Community Health

Examine Healthy People 2020 health promotion and disease prevention objectives. Identify a health disparity and research this topic; how is it being addressed at both the local and national level?

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