The Role of Genomics in Pediatric Care

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Decoding Tiny Blueprints: The Role of Genomics in Pediatric Care
This is where genomics, the study of an individual’s complete set of genetic instructions, steps in as a powerful tool in pediatric care [1]. By deciphering these tiny blueprints, healthcare professionals can gain valuable insights into a child’s health and chart a more personalized path to treatment. Let’s explore the exciting world of genomics and its impact on pediatric care.
Genomic testing analyzes a child’s DNA, the building blocks that carry genetic information [1]. This information can reveal mutations or variations that might be linked to specific genetic disorders. Early diagnosis of these conditions, often through newborn screening programs, allows for prompt intervention and improved long-term outcomes [2]. For instance, identifying a genetic predisposition to cystic fibrosis can lead to early management strategies that can improve a child’s quality of life.
Genomics also plays a vital role in tailoring treatment plans for children with complex illnesses [3]. By understanding a child’s unique genetic makeup, healthcare professionals can identify targeted therapies or predict how a child might respond to specific medications. This personalized approach reduces the risk of adverse reactions and allows for more effective treatment strategies.
The potential of genomics extends beyond diagnosis and treatment [4]. Genetic testing can help identify children at risk for developing certain conditions later in life, allowing for preventive measures or early detection strategies. Additionally, genomics research is paving the way for the development of gene therapies, a revolutionary approach that aims to correct faulty genes and potentially cure genetic diseases.
However, it’s important to acknowledge the ethical considerations surrounding pediatric genomics [5]. Issues like informed consent, data privacy, and potential discrimination based on genetic information need careful consideration. Open communication with families and ongoing ethical discussions are crucial as this field continues to evolve.
In conclusion, genomics is revolutionizing the landscape of pediatric care. By unlocking the secrets hidden within a child’s genes, healthcare professionals can diagnose illnesses more accurately, personalize treatment plans, and pave the way for future advancements in disease prevention and even cures. As this field continues to grow, it holds immense promise for improving the health and well-being of children worldwide.
References
[1] National Human Genome Research Institute. (2020, October 28). Genomics. [human genome project definition ON National Human Genome Research Institute (.gov) genome.gov]
[2] March of Dimes. (2023, May 10). Newborn screening. March of Dimes. [newborn screening ON March of Dimes marchofdimes.org]
[3] Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. (2023, May 15). Precision medicine for children. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. [pediatric precision medicine ON Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia chop.edu]
[4] National Institutes of Health. (2021, December 2). Gene therapy. [gene therapy clinical trials ON National Institutes of Health (.gov) genome.gov]
[5] National Human Genome Research Institute. (2020, October 28). Ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of genomics research. [genome institute ethical issues ON National Human Genome Research Institute (.gov) genome.gov]

The Stormy Seas of Adolescence: Navigating Mental Health Concerns

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Adolescence, a period marked by rapid physical and emotional changes, can be a turbulent time. While teenagers grapple with identity formation and social pressures, mental health concerns become a significant issue requiring understanding and support. This essay explores the prevalence of mental health challenges in adolescents and highlights strategies for navigating these stormy seas.
Rates of mental health conditions in adolescents are alarmingly high. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, one in five adolescents experiences a mental health condition in a given year [1]. Anxiety, depression, and eating disorders are particularly common, impacting a teenager’s ability to cope with everyday life, academic performance, and social interactions [2].
The reasons for these concerning statistics are multifaceted. Hormonal changes, academic pressures, peer relationships, and social media all contribute to the emotional turmoil of adolescence [3]. Additionally, factors like family history, stressful life events, and lack of access to mental health services can further exacerbate these challenges [4].
Fortunately, effective strategies exist to help adolescents navigate mental health concerns. Open communication within families is crucial. Creating a safe space for teenagers to express their feelings without judgment allows parents to identify potential issues early on [5]. Additionally, encouraging help-seeking behavior and normalizing mental health treatment is essential. School-based mental health programs can improve access to care and provide much-needed support for adolescents struggling with emotional difficulties [6].
Technology can also be harnessed for good. While social media can contribute to anxiety and depression, online support groups and mental health apps can offer valuable resources and connections [7]. However, it’s important to balance screen time with activities that promote mental well-being, such as mindfulness exercises, spending time in nature, and engaging in physical activity [8].
In conclusion, mental health concerns are a significant yet treatable issue in adolescents. By fostering open communication, providing access to mental health services, and promoting healthy coping mechanisms, we can empower teenagers to navigate the stormy seas of adolescence and emerge with the skills and resilience to thrive in adulthood.
References
[1] National Institute of Mental Health. (2021, December). Mental disorders. National Institutes of Health (.gov). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/ [2] American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2023, May). Facts for families: Mental disorders in children and adolescents. AACAP. https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/Layout/FFF_Guide-01.aspx [3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, December 1). Adolescent health topics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (.gov). https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/index.htm [4] National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2023, May). Risk factors for mental illness. NAMI. https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions [5] The Jed Foundation. (2023, May). Supporting teen mental health. The Jed Foundation. https://jedfoundation.org/ [6] National Association of School Psychologists. (2023, May). School mental health. NASP. https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/mental-and-behavioral-health [7] The Trevor Project. (2023, May). Mental health resources. The Trevor Project. https://www.thetrevorproject.org/resources/category/mental-health/ [8] American Academy of Pediatrics. (2023, May). Healthy teens: Mental and emotional well-being. HealthyChildren.org https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/teen/Pages/default.aspx

Understanding Childhood Cancers

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Tiny Warriors: Understanding Childhood Cancers
Imagine a world where a child’s laughter is replaced by the fear of an unseen enemy. This is the reality for children battling cancer, a group of diseases characterized by the abnormal growth and uncontrolled division of cells [1]. Despite the immense challenges, significant advancements in treatment offer hope for a brighter future. Let’s explore the landscape of childhood cancers.
Childhood cancers encompass a diverse range of malignancies affecting different parts of the body [1]. Leukemia, a cancer of the blood-forming tissues, and brain tumors are among the most common types. Other childhood cancers can affect bones, muscles, nervous systems, and various organs. While the exact causes of most childhood cancers remain unclear, genetic predispositions and exposure to certain environmental factors might play a role [2].
The signs and symptoms of childhood cancers can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer [3]. However, some general warning signs to be aware of include persistent fever, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, easy bruising or bleeding, and the development of lumps or masses. Early detection is crucial for improving treatment outcomes, so seeking medical attention if you notice any concerning symptoms in your child is essential.
The good news is that advancements in medical science have significantly improved the outlook for children with cancer [4]. Treatment often involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, depending on the specific type and stage of the cancer. While these treatments can be demanding, they offer a much higher chance of successful outcomes compared to the past.
The journey of a child battling cancer is a challenging one, filled with emotional turmoil and physical hardship. However, with the unwavering support of families, medical professionals, and advancements in care, these tiny warriors can fight for a brighter future. Organizations dedicated to childhood cancer research and support play a vital role in offering hope and improving the lives of affected children and their families.
References
[1] American Cancer Society. (2023, May 10). Childhood cancer.
[2] National Cancer Institute. (2022, October 26). Childhood cancer (PDQ®)—Patient version. National Cancer Institute.
[3] St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. (2023, May 17). Symptoms of childhood cancer. St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital.
[4] American Childhood Cancer Organization. (2023, May). Childhood cancer survival rates. American Childhood Cancer Organization.

Understanding Medication Administration

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The Right Stuff, Right Now: Understanding Medication Administration
Imagine a tiny capsule holding the potential to heal, soothe, or manage a health condition. Medication administration, the process of giving medication to a patient, plays a crucial role in healthcare. Getting the “right stuff, right now” is essential for ensuring patient safety and optimal treatment outcomes [1]. Let’s delve into the world of medication administration.
Medication administration encompasses various routes, each with its own advantages and considerations [1]. The most common route is oral administration, where patients swallow pills, capsules, or liquids. This method is convenient and cost-effective, but factors like difficulty swallowing or absorption issues can necessitate alternative routes. Injections, delivered through needles into muscles, veins, or fatty tissues, offer a faster and more precise way to deliver medication. Other routes include topical creams applied to the skin, inhalers used for respiratory conditions, and eye drops for ophthalmic needs.
Accuracy and safety are paramount in medication administration [2]. Several steps are meticulously followed to ensure the “five rights” of medication administration: the right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, and right time [3]. Healthcare professionals carefully verify these details to prevent errors, which can have serious consequences. Additionally, monitoring for potential side effects and drug interactions is crucial for ensuring patient well-being.
Beyond technical aspects, effective medication administration requires clear communication between healthcare providers and patients [4]. Patients should be informed about their medications, including their purpose, side effects, and proper administration techniques. Open communication empowers patients to ask questions and participate actively in their healthcare decisions.
Technology is also playing an increasingly important role in medication administration [5]. Electronic medication administration records (EMARs) help track medication orders, dosages, and administration times, minimizing the risk of errors. Additionally, medication adherence apps can remind patients to take their medications as prescribed, promoting optimal treatment outcomes.
In conclusion, medication administration is a crucial healthcare task requiring precision, safety,

Physical & Emotional Changes in Adolescence

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A Rollercoaster Ride: Physical & Emotional Changes in Adolescence
Imagine stepping onto a wild rollercoaster – that’s adolescence in a nutshell! This period of life, roughly between the ages of 10 and 19, is marked by a whirlwind of physical and emotional changes [1]. Let’s buckle up and explore this fascinating developmental stage.
Adolescence is a time of significant physical transformation [2]. Hormonal surges trigger rapid growth spurts, body composition changes, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. These physical changes can be exciting for some teens, while others may experience anxiety or self-consciousness as their bodies mature at different paces [3].
The emotional landscape of adolescence can be equally dramatic [4]. Teens grapple with developing their sense of identity, their place in the world, and their relationships with family and friends. Mood swings, emotional intensity, and increased conflict with parents are all normal aspects of this exploration [5].
However, adolescence isn’t all about challenges. It’s also a period of immense opportunity for cognitive development [6]. Teens develop abstract thinking skills, critical thinking abilities, and the capacity for complex moral reasoning. This newfound intellectual prowess allows them to question the world around them, form their own beliefs, and prepare for adulthood.
Understanding these physical and emotional changes is crucial for parents, educators, and healthcare professionals working with adolescents [7]. By providing support, guidance, and open communication, adults can help teens navigate this rollercoaster ride with confidence and resilience. Through these challenges and triumphs, adolescents emerge with a stronger sense of self, ready to take on the responsibilities and opportunities of adulthood.
References
[1] American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2023, May 24). What is adolescence? AACAP. [what is adolescence ON American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry aacap.org]
[2] Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. (2023, May 24). Physical development in adolescence. SAHM. [physical and emotional development in adolescence ON society for adolescent health and medicine sahm.org]
[3] Nemours KidsHealth. (2023, May 24). Body changes in adolescence. KidsHealth. [body changes during adolescence ON KidsHealth kidshealth.org]
[4] American Psychological Association. (2023, May 24). Emotional development in adolescence. APA. [emotional changes during adolescence ON American Psychological Association apa.org]
[5] National Institute of Mental Health. (2023, May 24). Adolescent development. NIMH. [stages of development in adolescence ON National Institutes of Health (.gov) nimh.nih.gov]
[6] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, December 1). Adolescent development. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (.gov). [adolescent developmental milestones cdc ON Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (.gov) cdc.gov]
[7] National Association of School Psychologists. (2023, May 24). Supporting adolescent development. NASP. [national association of school psychologists supporting adolescent development ON National Association of School Psychologists nasponline.org]

Respiratory Infections (RI)

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Taking a Breath Away: Understanding Respiratory Infections
Imagine a tickle in your throat, a stubborn cough, and a stuffy nose. These are just some of the telltale signs of a respiratory infection (RI), a common foe that disrupts our breathing and overall well-being. RIs encompass a wide range of illnesses affecting the respiratory system, the intricate network of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide [1]. Let’s delve deeper into this pervasive health concern.
Respiratory infections can be categorized based on the part of the respiratory system they target. Upper respiratory infections (URIs) affect the upper airways, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box) [2]. These are the most common type of RI, causing the familiar symptoms of a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, and sometimes headache. The common cold, sinusitis, and laryngitis are all examples of URIs.
Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) infiltrate deeper, reaching the lungs and airways that branch out like tiny trees within them (bronchi and bronchioles) [2]. These infections can be more serious, causing symptoms like fever, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and wheezing. Pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis are some common LRIs.
The culprits behind RIs are often viruses, such as rhinoviruses (common cold) and influenza viruses (flu). Bacteria can also cause some RIs, particularly those affecting the lower respiratory tract [3]. Fungal infections and even inhaling harmful substances like smoke or pollutants can also trigger respiratory problems.
Fortunately, most RIs are mild and resolve on their own within a week or two with proper rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medications for symptom relief [4]. However, it’s important to seek medical attention if symptoms worsen, persist for a long time, or are accompanied by high fever, difficulty breathing, or wheezing.
Understanding respiratory infections empowers us to take preventive measures. Frequent handwashing, maintaining physical distance during cold and flu seasons, and getting recommended vaccinations like the flu shot all play a crucial role in keeping these unwelcome invaders at bay [5]. By staying informed and practicing good hygiene, we can breathe easier and stay healthier.
References
[1] National Institutes of Health. (2020, April 15). Respiratory system.
[2] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. (2023, April 18). Respiratory tract infection. In Encyclopædia Britannica.
[3] Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023, May 10). Respiratory infections – Causes). Mayo Clinic.
[4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, October 22). Common colds: Advice for parents and caregivers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, December 03). Flu season. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Telehealth Revolutionizing Pediatric Care

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Doc McStuffins Goes Digital: Telehealth Revolutionizing Pediatric Care
Imagine a world where a child battling an earache can connect with a doctor from the comfort of their own home. This is the exciting realm of telehealth, transforming the landscape of pediatric care by leveraging technology to bridge geographical divides and enhance accessibility [1]. Let’s explore how telehealth is making waves in the world of little patients.
Telehealth encompasses a variety of virtual healthcare services delivered remotely through video conferencing, phone calls, or secure messaging platforms [1]. For children, telehealth consultations can be particularly beneficial. It eliminates the stress of long travel times and waiting rooms filled with unfamiliar faces, potentially reducing anxiety associated with doctor visits [2]. This can be especially helpful for children with chronic illnesses or those who experience social anxieties.
The applications of telehealth in pediatrics are vast and constantly evolving [3]. Routine check-ups, management of chronic conditions like asthma or allergies, and even mental health consultations can all be effectively conducted virtually. Additionally, telehealth offers opportunities for remote patient monitoring, allowing healthcare providers to track vital signs and medication adherence.
One of the biggest advantages of telehealth in pediatrics is improved access to care, especially for families residing in remote areas or facing transportation challenges [4]. Telehealth consultations can bridge geographical gaps and ensure children receive timely medical attention, regardless of location. Furthermore, telehealth can empower parents by fostering open communication with healthcare providers and allowing them to actively participate in their child’s care decisions.
However, it’s important to acknowledge that telehealth isn’t a one-size-fits-all solution [5]. Physical examinations and certain procedures still necessitate in-person visits. Additionally, ensuring equitable access to technology and reliable internet connections remains a challenge for some families.
In conclusion, telehealth is revolutionizing pediatric care by offering convenient, accessible, and anxiety-reducing healthcare solutions for children and their families. As technology continues to evolve, telehealth has the potential to further transform the way we deliver and experience pediatric care, ensuring a brighter and healthier future for our little ones.
References
[1] American Academy of Pediatrics. (2020, October 28). Telehealth for children and adolescents. HealthyChildren.org [telemedicine for pediatrics ON HealthyChildren.org]
[2] The National Telehealth Resource Center. (2023, May 19). Telehealth benefits for pediatrics. Telehealth Resource Center. [benefits of telehealth in pediatrics ON Telehealth Resource Center telehealthresourcecenter.org]
[3] American Telemedicine Association. (2023, May 17). Telehealth applications in pediatrics. American Telemedicine Association. [telemedicine in pediatrics]
[4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, December 18). Telehealth: A critical tool for rural health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (.gov). [rural telehealth ON Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (.gov) cdc.gov]
[5] Telehealth Policy Resource Center. (2023, May 12). Addressing equity concerns in telehealth. Telehealth Policy Resource Center. [telehealth and equity concerns ON Telehealth Policy Resource Center telehealthpolicy.org]

Confidentiality with Children and Adolescents

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Secret Club or Safety Net? Confidentiality with Children and Adolescents
Imagine a child whispering secrets into a trusted adult’s ear. This scenario highlights the importance of confidentiality in healthcare settings, especially when working with children and adolescents. Confidentiality creates a safe space for young people to express themselves freely, fostering trust and promoting their well-being [1]. But is it ever okay to break this promise? Let’s explore the complexities of confidentiality with this unique patient population.
Confidentiality builds trust between a healthcare professional and a child or adolescent [2]. Knowing their disclosures will be kept confidential, young people feel more comfortable opening up about sensitive topics like bullying, anxiety, or even substance abuse. This open communication allows for early intervention and support, leading to better health outcomes.
However, maintaining confidentiality isn’t always straightforward. In certain situations, healthcare professionals may need to disclose information to ensure a child’s safety [3]. If a child reveals suicidal ideation, plans to harm themselves or others, or experiences abuse, healthcare professionals have a legal and ethical obligation to intervene. Additionally, in cases of suspected child neglect, reporting may become necessary to protect the child’s well-being.
The key lies in striking a balance between building trust and ensuring safety [4]. Healthcare professionals should explain the limitations of confidentiality upfront, using age-appropriate language. For instance, they can explain that they need to tell someone if a child is planning to hurt themselves or someone else. This transparency fosters trust while setting clear boundaries.
Open communication and collaboration with parents or guardians are also crucial [5]. While maintaining confidentiality for the child, healthcare professionals can involve parents in a way that protects the child’s privacy. For instance, they can discuss general concerns without revealing specific details shared by the child.
Confidentiality in pediatric care is a complex yet essential concept. By creating a safe space for open communication while prioritizing safety, healthcare professionals can empower children and adolescents to navigate the challenges of growing up, fostering a foundation for healthy development.
References
[1] The Association for Play Therapy. (n.d.). Confidentiality and ethics. Association for Play Therapy. [confidentiality in play therapy ON Association for Play Therapy a4pt.org]
[2] American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2022, December). Confidentiality and adolescents. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. [informed consent example for adolescents ON American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry aacap.org]
[3] The National Center for PTSD. (2023, May 12). Confidentiality and disclosure of mental health information. Veterans Affairs (.gov). [confidentiality in mental health ON Veterans Affairs (.gov) ptsd.va.gov]
[4] The Trevor Project. (2023, May 19). Confidentiality and privacy for LGBTQ youth. The Trevor Project. [youth confidentiality and privacy ON thetrevorproject.org]
[5] American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. [apa ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct 2017 ON American Psychological Association apa.org]
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Congenital Heart Defects (CHD)

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A Tiny Heart’s Big Fight: Understanding Congenital Heart Defects
Imagine a tiny heart, bravely pumping blood throughout a growing body, yet facing challenges from the very beginning. This is the reality for children born with congenital heart defects (CHDs) – structural abnormalities of the heart and its vessels present at birth [1]. Despite these hurdles, with advancements in medical care, many children with CHDs can lead healthy and fulfilling lives. Let’s explore this complex medical condition.
CHDs encompass a wide range of abnormalities, affecting different parts of the heart and blood flow [1]. Some defects might be minor, causing few symptoms or requiring minimal intervention. Others, however, can be life-threatening and necessitate immediate medical attention or even surgery shortly after birth. Common CHDs include septal defects (holes in the heart walls), valve malformations that impair blood flow, and narrowed blood vessels.
The causes of CHDs aren’t always fully understood, but a combination of factors is likely at play [2]. Genetics can be a contributing factor, as can certain maternal exposures during pregnancy, such as medications, infections, or uncontrolled diabetes. In some cases, the cause remains unknown.
The symptoms of CHDs vary depending on the severity of the defect. Some children might experience no noticeable symptoms initially. However, common signs can include shortness of breath, fatigue, rapid heartbeat (palpitations), bluish skin color (cyanosis), and difficulty feeding in infants [3]. If you notice these symptoms in your child, seeking prompt medical attention is crucial.
Fortunately, significant progress has been made in diagnosing and treating CHDs [4]. Advanced prenatal screening techniques can sometimes detect CHDs before birth, allowing for early intervention and planning. A variety of treatments are available, including medications, minimally invasive procedures using catheters, and open-heart surgery. With advancements in technology and surgical techniques, the success rates of these interventions are constantly improving.
Living with a CHD requires ongoing monitoring and management, often involving regular checkups with a cardiologist and potentially lifelong medication. However, with proper care and support, many children with CHDs can participate in most activities their peers enjoy and lead active, fulfilling lives.
References
[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, March 31). Congenital heart defects (CHDs). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/facts.html
[2] Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023, March 24). Congenital heart defects – Causes). Mayo Clinic.
[3] American Heart Association. (2023, May 2). Congenital heart defects. American Heart Association.
[4] The Society for Thoracic Surgeons. (2023, January 11). Congenital heart defects – Treatment).

Cultural Competency in Global Health

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Bridging Borders, Building Trust: Cultural Competency in Global Health
Imagine a healthcare professional venturing into a new community, eager to help. But what if language barriers and cultural misunderstandings hinder their efforts? Cultural competency, the ability to understand and respect the beliefs, values, and practices of diverse populations, becomes paramount in global health initiatives [1]. Let’s explore why cultural competency is essential for effective healthcare delivery across the world.
Cultural beliefs and practices significantly influence health behaviors [2]. For instance, traditional medicine holds deep significance in many communities. Culturally competent healthcare professionals acknowledge and respect these practices, working collaboratively with traditional healers to provide holistic care [3]. Additionally, understanding dietary restrictions, religious beliefs surrounding childbirth, or even preferred communication styles fosters trust and rapport with patients.
Language barriers can be a significant hurdle in global health [4]. Imagine a doctor struggling to explain a diagnosis or a patient hesitant to express their concerns due to limited language proficiency. Culturally competent healthcare professionals utilize translation services, employ visual aids, and practice active listening to bridge this communication gap.
Cultural competency extends beyond language and beliefs [5]. Understanding social determinants of health, like poverty, access to clean water, and sanitation, is crucial. Culturally competent healthcare professionals consider the social context of illness and work with communities to address root causes that impact health outcomes.
Investing in cultural competency training for healthcare professionals is vital for effective global health initiatives [6]. This training equips healthcare workers with the skills and knowledge to navigate diverse cultural landscapes, fostering trust, and ultimately, improving health outcomes for all. By embracing cultural competency, healthcare professionals can become bridges of understanding, ensuring quality healthcare delivery across the globe.
References
[1] Betancourt, J. L., & Aguirre-González, V. (2017). Overview: Cultural competency in health care delivery. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 32(6), 547–548. [cultural competency in health delivery ON National Institutes of Health (.gov) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
[2] World Health Organization. (2023, May 12). Traditional medicine. WHO. [world health organization traditional medicine ON who.int]
[3] National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2023, May 19). Complementary, alternative, and integrative health: What is complementary, alternative, or integrative health? National Institutes of Health (.gov). [complementary alternative integrative health ON National Institutes of Health (.gov) nccih.nih.gov]
[4] Breakthrough ACTION. (2023, May 17). Language barriers in healthcare. [breakthrough action jake richards ON breakthroughaction.org]
[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, December 1). Social determinants of health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (.gov). [social determinants and health cdc ON Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (.gov) cdc.gov]
[6] American Public Health Association. (2020, October 28). Culturally competent care. American Public Health Association. [association of state and territorial health officials cultural competency ON American Public Health Association apha.org]