Question
Many people use erectile dysfunction (ED) medications to improve their sexual performance and address issues related to ED for several reasons:
Improved Erection Quality: ED medications, such as   
  
[url=https://genericpillmall.com/product/vidalista-40-mg/]Vidalista 40[/url] Cenforce 150, work by increasing blood flow to the penis, which helps achieve and maintain a firm erection. This can lead to improved sexual satisfaction and confidence in men who experience difficulties with erections.
Enhanced Sexual Experience: By facilitating erections, ED medications can enhance the overall sexual experience for both partners. They can lead to longer-lasting and more satisfying sexual encounters, contributing to increased intimacy and pleasure.
Increased Confidence: For men who experience ED, the inability to achieve or maintain an erection can lead to feelings of inadequacy, embarrassment, or anxiety. By successfully treating ED with medication, individuals may experience a boost in confidence and self-esteem, which can positively impact their sexual performance and relationships.

Answer
The Benefits of Using ED Meds to Improve Sexual Performance
1. Introduction
Sexual intercourse is a desire of every couple, be it human or animals. Sex connects two persons and the relation of couple gets stronger. If you look into the basis of sexual activities, the ultimate point is to get maximum pleasure and satisfaction during sex. But sometimes, various factors damage the sex activity and reduce the level of satisfaction. Sometimes, it is due to aging, sometimes due to mental stress and work load, sometimes due to hormonal changes and sometimes due to various medications of chronic diseases. The issue of impotency is also rising these days and it is a major hindrance in enjoying the sex. Impotency puts a person in a real tough situation and his confidence seems to fade away. He finds it difficult to get the same level of sexual satisfaction. High prevalence of impotency has brought various discoveries and new products are being designed to fight this problem. Same is the case with improved sex power. Many people lack behind due to lowered stamina and sex power. With discovery of new products, constant efforts are being made to find ways to improve sex power. Sex power is basically the ability to perform sexual activities and complete it with full satisfaction. It includes stamina, strength, quality and duration of sex. A person with higher sex power will have better chances to enjoy sex. It is also a part of competitive couples and has indirect influence on the relations. People having lower sex power often have inferiority complex. So they are always in search of ways to improve sex power. But up till now, there was no proper solution to this problem. Only this, impotency and sex power are very complex physiological processes and require a better understanding and new discoveries for an effective solution.
1.1. Understanding the Need for Improved Sex Power
Sexual dysfunction and inconsistency are more common in the present day due to the stressful hectic lifestyle. The most common problem dealt by men is Erectile Dysfunction (ED), causing failure to attain the mega power and due to this an inconsistent behavior pattern in response to sexual activities. It has been a silent problem for men as it affects their identity and masculinity. This problem in a way can be the cause for a man to attain different forms of sex power violation. There are many ways to restore the sex power. A good diet changing the unhealthy fast food with greens, regular exercise or just a simple 20 minutes’ walk and attempts to reduce mental stress using yoga and meditation are ways whereby persons with sexual dysfunction are trying to restore sex power. However, in the fast pacing society, we all expect rapid results so that we can cope with the present lifestyle and follow what is demanded. ED meds are alternative solution which is quick and effective.
Sex power is essential for all forms of sexual intents. Be it a common sexual activity with your partner or whether it is sexual harassment or molestation, sex has got a crucial role to play in all. Dating back to the history of human kind, since the primitive times, mega power has always been the super power and the most adored one. With the passage of time, people have been more and more conscious about their sexual life. This is an outcome of the fast pacing stressful life, where it is taking a toll on the mental and physical health leading to inconsistency, frustration, anxiety, guilt, and depression. A home to these negative traits pose as a severe difficulty to maintain sexual activity and to the worst, even various forms of sexual dysfunction. A study says, it is very much a fact, “To survive in this world, a person is compelled to have sex!” That’s the demanding situation of the most powerful tool in the entire human kind, “sex”.
1.2. Role of ED Meds in Enhancing Sexual Performance
Sexual intercourse between two individuals is a very personal experience. It is the main desire of every human being, and we are all aware of the need for a satisfying sexual experience. A great amount of sexual power is required to enjoy this aspect of life. Sometimes situations may arise when a person is unable to express himself sexually. This may be due to various reasons like impotence, erectile dysfunction, and premature ejaculation. These disorders may lead to impotence causing a person to be debarred from the sexual experience. Using ED meds can help in such conditions. Erectile dysfunction meds can be only considered effective if they enable a person to enhance his sex power rather than just allowing him to attain an erection. Erection of the penis is useless unless it is able to last and is followed by ejaculation to enhance sex power, fulfilling the sexual experience between partners. Erectile dysfunction can cause many problems to an individual because they put a strain on relationships. This often causes avoidance of the sexual experience which leads to tension, and can often make the problem worse through performance anxiety. Using ED meds to enhance sex power, and not solely for treating erectile dysfunction will help in relieving this problem. The use of modern medications in particular phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, can be effective in enhancing sex power. Usually PDE-5 inhibitors are taken orally before any sexual activity is due to take place. They act by enhancing the effects of nitric oxide, which generally acts by dilating blood vessels of the penis. This will then allow a better and longer lasting erection, as well as improving the duration of sexual intercourse and enhancing climax or ejaculation. This will enable a person to improve sexual experience usually more than what was occurring before the onset of erectile dysfunction. In a study of males with erectile dysfunction, 50% of the sample reported that their sexual function had improved after the onset of treatment with PDE-5 inhibitors.
2. Psychological Benefits
2.1. Boosting Confidence and Self-Esteem
2.2. Reducing Anxiety and Performance Pressure
2.3. Strengthening Emotional Intimacy
3. Physical Benefits
3.1. Enhancing Erectile Function
3.2. Increasing Stamina and Endurance
3.3. Improving Blood Flow to the Genital Area
4. Relationship Benefits
4.1. Restoring Sexual Satisfaction
4.2. Revitalizing Intimate Connections
4.3. Strengthening Bond and Communication
5. Medical Considerations
5.1. Consulting a Healthcare Professional
5.2. Understanding Potential Side Effects
5.3. Proper Usage and Dosage Guidelines
6. Lifestyle Factors
6.1. Incorporating Exercise and Physical Activity
6.2. Maintaining a Balanced Diet
6.3. Managing Stress and Mental Well-being
7. Alternative Approaches
7.1. Natural Supplements and Remedies
7.2. Lifestyle Changes for Sexual Enhancement
7.3. Behavioral Therapy and Counseling
8. Conclusion

Questions
What is the Expected Rate of Return on an investment and what does it tell us about the probability of the risk involved with a particular investment?
In terms of risk, what are the advantages (and/or disadvantages) of a well-diversified portfolio?
Investments are based on the belief that the rate of return justifies or compensates the investor for the risk associated with that particular investment. The risk associated with this investment is associated with the chance that a loss will be incurred. Or, to put it another way, the greater the chance of a loss the riskier the investment. Therefore, some statistical measures of the risk involved with an investment are necessary before the investment is made.

Answers
1. Introduction
The risk and return analysis is a part of the standard investment decision-making process. It is a process in which we compare the expected returns of an investment with the risk associated with it. The general rule for any investor is that the higher the risk of an investment, the higher the expected return. This rule is critical to the decision-making process as the main objective for any investor is to maximize the return on their investment and minimize potential losses. Risk is a measurable possibility of losing or not gaining value. Whereas, return is the reward for taking the risk. Both of them have the same connotation throughout this chapter as in the higher risk or low-risk investment and its effect on the investment’s potential return. Often investors are not concerned with the risk of an investment in its entirety but more the risk of a poor outcome. In this case, the poor outcome would occur when the actual return on an investment is less than what was expected. A poor outcome may have various implications, for example, an individual expecting to finance his retirement with an investment in stocks might consider a poor outcome to be an investment value less than the financing of a comfortable retirement. A main element in the process of risk and return analysis is determining which investment decisions affect the certainty of expected future cash flows. This is because the analysis aims to compare the expected returns with the risk and if there are no changes to the expected returns of an investment then the risk has no impact. This is unlikely to be the case, for example, currency fluctuations and changes in economic conditions can all affect the expected return on an investment. Therefore a decision by the investor to hold onto the investment, invest in it more or take money out of it should be considered as an investment decision that affects the future cash flows and should be included in the analysis. A decision to include it in the analysis may result in the investment in question showing various rates of return and have a different risk. This decision is known as a marginal decision and the analysis of it using the marginal expected return and the marginal rate of time preference is an important aspect of the general risk and return analysis.
1.1 What is the Expected Rate of Return?
The expected rate of return often represents the mean of a distribution of all possible results and is often a probability-weighted calculation influencing the probability that a certain rate of return will happen. This does not have to represent an actual return at all and could be a guess. For example, an investment in the shares of a relatively new and small company with a chance to take a stake in the market of a big industry leader by a takeover of a likely inflated share price could have an expected return, considering the probability of this happening, of say 20% higher than the market, despite only being issued a dividend rate based on the shares.
The expected rate of return is a crucial concept in investment due to the fact that it measures the profitability of an investment or a business. By totaling up the expected earnings from a provided investment over its whole life, then reducing that figure by the original investment, we get the net profit. But in order to determine the profit and the risk of the investment, we need a way of comparing it with other investments of similar magnitude. This is where the expected rate of return is beneficial. By determining the rate of return, we can compare an investment to others to see if it is more or less profitable. And by using the return and risk as a single measure, we can compare to see which is more or less preferable. This is valuable to individuals and businesses, and certainly to financial and investment groups, such as corporate investors and pension funds.
1.2 Understanding the Risk-Return Tradeoff
The concept of risk is intuitively understood. An investor would prefer to receive a higher future payment with certainty than a lower one or one that may or may not eventuate. Probability of distribution of possible future returns is a determinant of the risk involved. Every investment has a possible range of future outcomes to the investor, some more certain than others. A US Treasury bill is regarded as a nearly risk-free investment because the borrowing of current funds by the government issued any no direct value to the bill holder so the bill can be repaid by any future revenue. However, bonds on the other hand are not as certain in terms of a return as stock it is also an uncertain investment. An example would be General Motors buying back many of its bonds prior to maturity and thus avoiding the interest and the principal repayment because of their uncertain financial position in relation to the bond issue. GM may be willing to buy the bond back at a higher price than it issued it for in which case there would be capital gains to the bond holder. So the bond has still uncertain future outcome for GM and the bond holder.
Investment can be broken down into financial and real investment. Using the tuition fee example, it is a real investment as it is an outlay that is expected to produce future benefits (a higher paying job). Financial investment on the other hand is the purchase of a financial asset e.g. a stock or share with the expectations of future income which will be spent on consumption. Whether you are buying stocks or paying tuition fees both can be considered taking a risk as there is always the chance of receiving all or some of the money paid back in the future. Foregone earnings on an investment have the same value as the income that could have been obtained from the job or unemployment requires no spending of the earnings so it is effectively saving the amount of the job and not earning any more than that amount.
An investment is the current commitment of dollars for a period of time in order to derive future payments that will compensate the investor for: (1) the time the funds are committed to the investment and (2) bearing uncertainty about the future size of those payments. There are two types of investment. You are considered to be an investor if you put aside £20 of your weekly income. Your £20 can be looked upon as capital to be invested in a financial or a real asset. However, not all capital expenditure will be considered an investment from an economic perspective. An economics student paying tuition fees can be effectively thought of as investing in themselves but the payment is not included in investment.
2. Risk Measures in Investment Analysis
2.1 Standard Deviation as a Risk Indicator
2.2 Beta Coefficient and Systematic Risk
2.3 Sharpe Ratio and Risk-Adjusted Return
3. Evaluating Investment Risk
3.1 Advantages of a Well-Diversified Portfolio
3.1.1 Spreading Risk Across Different Assets
3.1.2 Reducing Unsystematic Risk
3.1.3 Potential for Stable Returns
3.2 Disadvantages of a Well-Diversified Portfolio
3.2.1 Lower Potential for High Returns
3.2.2 Limited Exposure to Individual Asset Performance
3.2.3 Potential for Lower Market Timing Opportunities
4. Quantifying Risk in Investments
4.1 Risk-Adjusted Return Measures
4.1.1 Treynor Ratio and Portfolio Performance
4.1.2 Jensen’s Alpha and Manager’s Skill
4.1.3 Information Ratio and Active Management
4.2 Value at Risk (VaR) and Downside Risk Analysis
4.2.1 Estimating Potential Losses
4.2.2 Assessing Tail Risk
4.2.3 Portfolio Optimization and Risk Control
5. Conclusion

QUESTION
Management and Governance: Ownership and control, board structure and firm’s interactions with the markets PNC BANK
ANSWER
1. Ownership and Control
PNC is a public company and its shareholders have the right to vote on many major decisions affecting the firm. Under the PNC Investor Profile on Yahoo Finance, it is indicated that shareholders have the right to vote on major decisions such as mergers and acquisitions, election of directors, and changes to the company’s charter. With the recent acquisition of National City Corporation, this will be an important time for PNC to maintain shareholder approval for any future decisions. As the right to vote is useless unless it affects an outcome, absolute voting rights are the best situation for the effective use of ownership as a control mechanism. In the case of dual-class stock, the class of stock with superior voting rights has better control than cash flow rights in the same number of shares. This is relevant to PNC as the recent acquisition of National City Corporation has resulted in PNC having issued non-cumulative perpetual preferred shares series B with a liquidation value of $3.7 billion, which carries a higher vote entitlement than common shares. Changes to the company’s charter may dilute voting value and shareholders may protect themselves against this by buying and selling different classes of shares. Measures such as these to protect voting rights are important and PNC shareholders have the right and freedom to hold shares in and to effectively use power to influence the company’s decisions. However, at times, voting rights may also have adverse outcomes for shareholders, so it is important that shareholders have the freedom to sell shares.
The efficiency of stock ownership as a monitoring and control mechanism depends critically on the rights of shareholders to key decisions. McNulty (1966) defines corporate control as the power to influence or make decisions on the allocation of resources by a firm. Shareholder rights, which refer to the right to vote, the right to sell shares, and the right to protect shares against dilution, are an important mechanism in any public company for transferring control from one owner to another and an essential prerequisite for the effective use of ownership as a control mechanism.
1.1. Shareholder Rights
Management rights are the right to access information about the company and to sue the company for a breach of fiduciary duty. The effectiveness of shareholders’ rights in the US can be seen through the court case Smith v Van Gorkom. In this case, the Board of Directors of Trans Union Corporation agreed to a deal to sell the company at $55 per share. In the process, they only discussed the price with the buyer and not other possible buyers. The deal was seen to have breached the Board’s duty of care, and all the directors were sued. This case showed the importance of management rights as the decision by the directors resulted in huge financial losses for the shareholders.
Shareholder rights refer to the powers of the shareholders to make decisions in the company. The decision-making involves voting on certain issues such as the appointment of new Board of Directors, amendments of the corporation’s articles and bylaws, or the decision to merge or sell the corporation. Shareholders’ rights can be divided into two categories: voting rights and management rights. Voting rights give shareholders the right to vote on certain issues, and it is a very important form of participation for shareholders in the decision-making process.
1.2. Voting Rights
Voting rights are the essence of control in the company. There are several different types of shares with different voting rights attached to each type. The most common form of share is known as common stock, differing from non-voting common stock, preferred stock, or dual-class shares. Downtown and Bethem found that the percentage of total votes held by the largest inside blockholder is, on average, 84.9%. While remaining shares are split fairly widely amongst different investors. Inside blockholder being defined as owning at least 5% of company stock. This highlights the immense ownership concentration in the US, as firms tend to concentrate voting rights into the hands of a few key individuals, despite widespread share ownership. Dual-class shares occur when a company issues two different classes of common stock with different voting rights. Bertrand and Mullainathan note that this is common when management is afraid of losing control of decision-making due to investor pressure on particular issues. One such example is Ford Motor Company when, in 2002, it issued a second class of stock with the intention of preserving family control and protecting against the potential threat of a takeover bid. Although this practice is illegal in the UK and most European countries, they found that in the US, dual-class shares are more commonly seen among firms that are in their early growth stages. This suggests that management feels that it is a way of raising finance capital while reducing shareholder interference in company affairs.
1.3. Ownership Concentration
Section “1.3. Ownership Concentration” is the starting point to understand how corporations develop their governance mechanisms. A firm controlled by a single shareholder or a small tightly-knit group of shareholders will have different needs than a corporation with widely dispersed shareholdings. It helps explain the context of governance mechanisms and their needs. If one can understand “who controls the corporation and to what extent,” it will be easier to understand the governance strategy that has been chosen. Shareholders might have been informed about current conditions. PNC already talked about ownership of stockholders that reached 63% shares of the company. Public investors are relieved because they no longer need to inject capital to buy stocks since they feel PNC has had good performance during this time. Shares owned by the public are a short-term program to get some benefits before making long-term investments in the hope that it can be profitable at a certain level. But this is still considering the various possibilities because many retail investors who start to understand the positive performance of PNC have expectations that stocks can still be reached and still have a good price, so they decide to keep the obligations to ensure stocks in the company. While retail investors and other public investors who are planning to buy stocks at this time until the stock price is relatively higher will be affected by the decision to put a premium on consumer direct services and lower the credit. At this time, they still need more time to change the decision because it is still speculation of the company’s stock movements. Now public investors are the most common and have a fairly high influence on the capital, so it must be considered by the company. If considering the role of large institutions, they have different interests. Individually, they are also concerned with policies that provide more benefits because they are indirectly affected and have an interest to repurchase stock at a low level because it consumes a relatively small premium. It is written in this article that about 30% of high-income retail customers are investors who have stock in the company PNC Wealth Management. An affluent investor will respond to a change in the stock price because it will continue to provide advice to other clients, and the level of decision-making will be more stable because it has a relatively small level of risk. High-income PNC customers are still concerned about the credit facilities and cheap loans. Their decision is to sell stock and look back into the movement of stock and interest rates provided. If the decision from stock to find credit facilities is not commensurate with favorable stock bonds, they are very likely to redeem and switch to the purchase of bonds issued by the company. At least changing the trend of holders still expects good stock performance and sees the various decisions still taken by PNC. So there will be much consideration taken by the customer stock or potential new stock buyers to ensure the stock’s performance truly deserves long-term investment. If the decision is still considered effective, PNC can be a good choice to translate stock performance into a debt or financing from another loan. At this stage, stockholders or even a customer can decide to buy stock at a relatively cheap price for a loan will bring a higher level if the company’s performance always brings promise. So, in the various provisions of underlying PNC, it should provide various statements and choices to keep its stock and future investors or new customer stock is still a good choice step in long-term investment. A different story is owned by a public investor. They have an obligation to match capital purchases with quality investments. A long-term investment would be a good choice to still be positive and is also an option to repurchase. It still offers a variety of possibilities for PNC to keep participants, and the expected results can be found in the first paragraph of this article.
1.4. Corporate Governance Mechanisms
Corporate governance refers to the mechanism by which a company is directed and controlled. Boards of directors are responsible for the governance of the company. The shareholders’ role in governance is to appoint the directors and auditors and to satisfy themselves that the board is acting in the best interest of the shareholders and the company. The governance mechanism serves to ensure that the Board is effectively monitoring or managing the top executive. It is particularly important for the owners to make sure that the board has strong monitoring incentives because often the board will consist of the CEO and his cronies. In this case, it is unlikely that the board will act to monitor the CEO who selected them. Ownership & Control PNC exhibits a diffuse ownership characteristic. This can be defined by the fact that no outside investor owns more than 10% of the total shares outstanding. This is particularly important to note in regards to corporate governance at PNC. The level of ownership concentration, in a way, determines the level of monitoring needed. High ownership concentration can often be viewed as a negative as it indicates the CEO might face heavy monitoring and therefore might have less leeway in his decision making. The bank’s decision to include a ‘Lead Director’ is an admission that PNC’s corporate governance failed in the past and a sign that they are concentrating on making sure they don’t make the same mistakes. In the aftermath of the accounting scandal, with one person simultaneously holding the CEO and Chairman position, there is a clear consensus that stronger governance is required and that the board of directors needs to take a more active role in monitoring PNC’s CEO. An internal chief compliance officer and more efficient direct reporting methods to the board are also seen as conscious efforts by PNC to ensure that future errors are quickly identified and do not persist without the board’s knowledge. Although while not specifically related to corporate governance at PNC, the adherence to signing ‘Corporate Integrity Agreements’ issued by the government also illustrates PNC’s desire to move past previous transgressions and towards a more positive public image.
2. Board Structure
2.1. Board Composition
2.2. Board Independence
2.3. Board Diversity
2.4. Board Committees
2.5. Executive Compensation
3. Firm’s Interactions with the Markets
3.1. Regulatory Compliance
3.2. Financial Reporting and Transparency
3.3. Investor Relations
3.4. Market Competition
3.5. Stakeholder Engagement
4. Strategic Decision Making
4.1. Long-Term Planning
4.2. Risk Assessment and Management
4.3. Capital Allocation
4.4. Mergers and Acquisitions
5. Performance Evaluation and Accountability
5.1. Key Performance Indicators
5.2. Financial Performance Analysis
5.3. Internal Control Systems
5.4. External Auditing
5.5. Shareholder Activism
6. Ethical and Legal Considerations
6.1. Code of Conduct and Ethics
6.2. Compliance with Laws and Regulations
6.3. Corporate Social Responsibility
6.4. Legal Risk Management

Question
What is neurologic disorder
Answer
1. Introduction
Neurologic disorders are diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that connect them. This includes a large number of conditions which range from those that resolve quickly without treatment to others which are lifelong and need careful management. These conditions are generally due to a reduction in brain function. This means that the brain works less well, or in some cases, more slowly. Of these problems with brain function, some are very specific to the cause and the part of the brain affected, and the impact on a person can vary immensely depending upon the severity of the condition. A useful way to understand brain function is to think of the brain as a complex computer, with malfunctions resulting in software or hardware problems. This leads to error messages, poor function, or failure of certain operations. Neurologic conditions can be very difficult to understand without first acquiring knowledge about the nervous system. It is important to remember that these conditions are real and are not due to anything imagined by the sufferer. They can be very distressing, and every effort should be made to understand a person with a neurologic problem, regardless of what the specific condition may be. Understanding the condition can sometimes be difficult and frustrating, for both sufferers and those close to them, particularly if the condition is hard to diagnose or if there are few treatments available. In such cases, people may find it helpful to contact associations relating to the specific condition or speak to a specialist in neurology.
1.1 Definition of Neurologic Disorders
Neurologic diseases are a prime threat toward a natural time. It is a not unusual place and vast time period and despite the fact that the conquering of infectious illnesses, malnutrition, and maternity deaths has improved, the prevention of neurologic diseases is all the more large due to the fact these troubles growth as human beings live longer. Neurologic problems are sicknesses of the mind, backbone, and the nerves that join them. There are extra than 600 sicknesses of the fearful gadget, along with: – illnesses which includes multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s sickness, and motor neurone sickness which can be because of the lack of nerve or mind feature – illnesses which includes epilepsy and cerebral palsy wherein the number one trouble is a malfunction of the nervous gadget – sicknesses which includes meningitis or head injury. The scope of neurologic exercise is wide, with many specialities involved. sufferers are regularly complicated and disabled, and treatment can be long term. Generally, neurologic sickness is chronic and progressive, and it affects emotional, bodily, and social function. The primary cause of prevention is to reduce the prevalence of neurologic sickness contained in the community. Voluntary measures can provide safety against precise sickness, along with the vaccination against polio, measles, meningitis, and certain forms of encephalitis. Global prevention of neurologic sickness may be most effectively accomplished with the aid of measures that promote trendy fitness. Some diseases of the frightened tool are related to poverty and malnutrition. Improved understanding in nutrients and the elimination of food poverty, together with improved sanitation, will reduce the incidence of neurologic diseases. A considerable quantity of neurologic diseases is resulting from harmful environmental agents. A better understanding of the nervous system and its function has led to advancements in occupational safety and the prevention of risks in work and sport.
1.2 Causes of Neurologic Disorders
3) Metabolic – Neurologic function is highly dependent upon the metabolic integrity of nervous tissue, and metabolic derangements may have wide-ranging effects.
2) Genetic and Congenital – Disorders which are the result of genetic abnormalities may be inherited or may involve a new mutation. Such abnormalities can affect any aspect of nervous system development or function, and thus the phenotypic manifestations of genetic neurologic disorders are highly variable. Genetic neurologic disorders are beyond the scope of this discussion. Congenital anomalies may result in neurological dysfunction throughout life or may only affect the individual at a certain stage of development. An example of the latter is congenital rubella syndrome, which is due to infection with the rubella virus during embryonic development.
1) Infection – Infection can lead to neurologic dysfunction in several different ways. The infection may primarily involve the nervous system or may be a condition in which the pathogen is widely distributed throughout the body. An example of the former is viral encephalitis, which can be caused by several different viruses. Certain bacteria can produce toxins which have a predilection for nervous tissue. An example of this is the spirochetal bacteria, which causes neurosyphilis. Parasitic infection with organisms such as toxoplasma and cysticercosis can affect the nervous system in several different ways. The organisms may produce focal lesions within the brain or spinal cord. Migrants of foreign tissue in the form of larvae or adult parasites may elicit inflammation as the body attempts to destroy the foreign tissue. More diffuse parasitic infections can result in neurologic dysfunction through a hypersensitivity response, as in the case of eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis.
Causes can be divided into the following that lead to neurologic disorder:
1.3 Common Types of Neurologic Disorders
Cerebrovascular Diseases: Disorders such as stroke, transient ischemic attack, carotid stenosis, aneurysms, and vascular malformations can cause a variety of neurologic symptoms and signs. The effects of the cerebrovascular disease depend upon the severity and location of the lesion. Often, such diseases cause an acute onset of neurologic deficit, such as paralysis or confusion. A small lesion, such as one that might be seen with a silent stroke, might cause only a very subtle deficit or no deficit at all. In either case, the deficit or its effects may be transient, as seen with transient ischemic attacks, or permanent.
Seizure Disorders: The epilepsies are a spectrum of brain disorders ranging from severe, life-threatening and disabling, to those that are much more benign. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. Causes of epilepsy include stroke, brain tumor, trauma, infection, and abnormal brain development. In about 70% of cases, the cause is unknown.
The effects of neurologic disease are as varied as the types of neural tissue and range from simple confusion and mild memory loss to seizures and sudden changes in behavior. The following are some common types of neurologic disorders.
2. Symptoms and Diagnosis
2.1 Recognizing Symptoms of Neurologic Disorders
2.2 Diagnostic Tests for Neurologic Disorders
2.3 Importance of Early Diagnosis
2.4 Understanding Prognosis
3. Treatment Options
3.1 Medications for Neurologic Disorders
3.2 Therapies and Rehabilitation
3.3 Surgical Interventions
3.4 Alternative and Complementary Treatments
4. Living with a Neurologic Disorder
4.1 Coping Strategies and Support Systems
4.2 Lifestyle Modifications
4.3 Managing Emotional and Mental Well-being

Question
Based on the religion you selected in Module 1, and the articles you selected in Module 2, write a 3-4 page paper about the practices and beliefs of of that religion that are related to health. 
Provide examples of differences in verbal and nonverbal communication methods within this religion. Explain some beginning and end-of-life decisions related to this worldview and culture.
Provide examples of how religion shapes health behaviors and the rationale behind them.
Explain issues that health care professionals should take into consideration related to beginning and end-of-life transitions.

Answer
Practices and Beliefs Related to Health in a Selected Religion
1. Introduction
It has been said that health is wealth. And indeed, the belief that health is the most important aspect of life is a common one. Thus, it is not surprising to find that religion, which is an all-encompassing way of life, has much to say about the subject. In fact, to various religious groups, health is the most important thing to ask from God; it is health of body and mind that is viewed as the precondition to performing good deeds and meriting entry into paradise. For some, to have to ask for anything in the way of physical or mental well-being is a reflection of a lack of faith; God, who is the ultimate purveyor of healing, can heal all ills without exception. Therefore, the group which has to ask is in some way failing to fulfill the requirements set by God. But God is viewed as merciful, and it is written that if man shows thankfulness for what he has, he will be given more. And so it is that with prayer and dedication to religious duties, many believers strive to attain good health as a sign of God’s favor.
1.1. Background of the Selected Religion
Hinduism is the third largest world religion with about 900 million Hindus worldwide. In 1999, there were about 1 million Hindus living in the U.S. and they are concentrated mainly in two states, New York and New Jersey. Hinduism is not a religion of the book, and has no common scripture, Church, or doctrine. The term “Hinduism” is an exonym, and while it is a convenient label for the complex of traditions and peoples it describes, it also implies a measure of homogeneity that does not exist. During the ancient times of invasions and other historical events the Indian religion started evolving and taking shape. That is why the religion is so diverse and has different ways of practice and belief. A Hindu seeking spiritual knowledge can choose from yoga, jnana, bhakti, karma, and other paths, and can study anything from astrology to the holy scriptures. The main texts that provide the basis for Hinduism are the Vedas; this comes from the word “vid” meaning to be knowledgeable. During the invasions of the Muslim, the Muslims could not pronounce the word so said “Hindu”. This was given to the people who lived in this land. This was actually a geographical term and did not refer to the religion or the people living there. This went on to become the world’s third largest religion. Due to the many diverse ways of life, there are four castes in Hinduism based on occupation: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaisyas (farmers and merchants), and lastly Sudras (servants). In around 1000 B.C., the caste system was beginning to take shape with the addition of a group called the untouchables. The beliefs of the Hindu religion began to take shape with the incorporation of two great epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, and the Bhagavad Gita (which is contained in part of the Mahabharata). These writings were an attempt to captivate the people so that they may learn from them and understand the true meanings of life in many different forms. This is why there were numerous stories and characters involved. The Gita is a conversation between Lord Krishna and Arjuna and aspires to reveal the duties of human beings and the unity between the universal and the personal. It makes this apparent through the paths of knowledge, devotion, and action which were explained earlier.
1.2. Importance of Health in the Selected Religion
In India, sages did a lot of research on medicine, which shifted attention from salvation to prevention of disease. This is evident in the philosophies found in the Atharva Veda, one of the four holy texts of the Hindu religion. Chapter 30, verses 25-35 of the Atharva Veda, contains the following dialogue, which illustrates the importance of health and the prevention of disease in the Hindu religion: “What has hurt you? In a state of disease, I ask, do you verily say that you are in health? How can one that is not afflicted with a malady, one that is afflicted and one that has rid himself of it be alike? O physician, thus should you ask the sick man and discern it all, if you are to recognize the nature of his malady. Any gentle remedy that harms not, does not affect or malady, is not a remedy at all.” This shows the importance of health and well-being, in that not having an affliction is comparative to the need of no remedy. This philosophy of preventing an illness so that there is no need for a remedy is deeply rooted and is still a common aim of physicians today. In this way, health is perceived as being extremely important, as it is seen as the maintenance of a diseaseless state and prevention of mental, physical, and spiritual agony.
2. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Methods
2.1. Differences in Verbal Communication
2.1.1. Use of Sacred Texts and Prayers
2.1.2. Ritualistic Chants and Incantations
2.2. Differences in Nonverbal Communication
2.2.1. Symbolic Gestures and Body Movements
2.2.2. Ritualistic Clothing and Adornments
3. Beginning and End-of-Life Decisions
3.1. Views on Birth and Pregnancy
3.1.1. Rituals and Practices during Pregnancy
3.1.2. Naming Ceremonies and Blessings
3.2. Views on Death and Dying
3.2.1. Funeral and Burial Practices
3.2.2. Mourning and Grieving Rituals
4. Religion’s Influence on Health Behaviors
4.1. Dietary Practices and Restrictions
4.1.1. Fasting and Ritualistic Diets
4.1.2. Prohibited Foods and Beverages
4.2. Rituals and Practices for Physical Well-being
4.2.1. Meditation and Mindfulness Techniques
4.2.2. Sacred Baths and Cleansing Rituals
5. Considerations for Health Care Professionals
5.1. Cultural Sensitivity and Respect
5.1.1. Understanding Religious Beliefs and Practices
5.1.2. Avoiding Cultural Assumptions and Biases
5.2. Ethical Dilemmas in Beginning and End-of-Life Care
5.2.1. Balancing Religious Beliefs and Medical Interventions
5.2.2. Supporting Patients’ Spiritual and Emotional Needs