Why Study Ethics

Ethics are a basic component of all aspects of life. Ethics are necessary for people and populations across nations to function as a global society. Studying ethics is an important part of developing the capacity to live ethically. Studying ethics helps an individual develop the knowledge and skills to understand and appreciate various aspects of their lives and those of others. According to Lowery (2020), moral literacy assists leaders in navigating moral dilemmas within socially, economically, culturally, and politically diverse populations. Ethics help individuals recognize and appreciate their rights, responsibilities, culture, morals, and those of others. A person who has studied ethics is able to view life from their own perspective while appreciating the views of others.

The teaching of ethics should begin during the early stages of development. The recommended age for teaching ethics is four to five years. During the preschool development stage, children have developed an idea of right and wrong and can follow basic rules (Dahl & Killen, 2018). Children at the preschool stage can imitate older adults and behave morally to avoid punishment or achieve rewards. According to Tri Yuningsih & Sunaryo (2022), early use of reward and punishment increases the development of discipline and morals from early childhood. The teaching of ethics should begin in a child’s home setting and throughout their learning life.

Ethics can change over time. An individual’s ethics are not fixed and can change as they grow and gain new experiences. One’s ethical perspectives can also change over time as individuals respond to an evolving situation. Currently, the advancement of technology, globalization, and the cultural mix have led to a shift from traditional ethics across the world (Iavicoli et al., 2018).

References

Dahl, A., & Killen, M. (2018). A developmental perspective on the origins of morality in infancy and early childhood. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(SEP), 1736. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2018.01736/BIBTEX

Iavicoli, S., Valenti, A., Gagliardi, D., & Rantanen, J. (2018). Ethics and Occupational Health in the Contemporary World of Work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, Vol. 15, Page 1713, 15(8), 1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH15081713

Lowery, C. (2020). Moral literacy and school leadership: Perceptions of principals in southeast Ohio on the ethics of decision-making. Journal of Educational Administration, 58(1), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-06-2018-0120/FULL/XML

Tri Yuningsih, T., & Sunaryo, I. (2022). Implementation of Reward and Punishment in Forming Discipline Character Early Childhood. Early Childhood Research Journal (ECRJ), 4(2), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.23917/ECRJ.V4I2.12164

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Why should one study ethics? Are ethics really necessary for us to function as a global society?

Why Study Ethics

When (at what age) and where should ethics be taught?
Is it possible for one’s ethics to change over time? Why or why not?

Stress and Depression

Stress is a neglected factor in day-to-day events of life, and it plays a vital role in the mental health of a being. It is a physiological response to any physical, emotional, or psychological strain (Cassidy, 2017). Stress may have a positive or negative impact, but for the essay below, we will focus on the negative part of stress causing depression. To others, stress acts as a defence mechanism, and if it becomes chronic, it can lead to depression. Depression is a significant health determinant during healthcare delivery. It is also a common mental illness whose manifestations include loss of interest, feelings of guilt, low concentrations, and loss of appetite. Stress is closely associated with depression. With chronic stress, one is likely to go into depression. The essay below will discuss the short and long-term effects of depression on health, treatment, and prevention strategies and how one can avoid disorders related to stress. It will also give an insight into how stress contributes to depression.

Stress Contribution to Depression

Life events full of stress contribute to the origin and, more so, the development of pressure through the interaction of factors such as environmental stressors, psychological factors, and neurotrophic factors. Psychological vulnerability, which is determined by the strength, duration of impact, and intensity of life events, can lead to depression (Yang et al., 2015). When a person is exposed to stressors that are uncontrollable and unavoidable, this may interfere with their cognitive functioning. Especially cases where resources to cope with these stressors are unavailable. When these people are unable to make proper judgments on how to handle stressful life events, they begin to feel useless and helpless.

Environmental stressors such as traumatic events experienced by a person during childhood could cause vulnerability and trigger depression. Adverse life events such as extreme poverty, loss of a close relative, abuse by peers, and neglect have a direct way of forming dysfunctional and negative attitudes. So, exposure to additional environmental stressors that are not favourable could lead to depressive symptoms.

Neurotrophic factors play a role in neural processes in the brain. These include the brain-derived neurotrophic elements, neurotrophins 3, 4, 5, and 6, and nerve growth factors. Research has shown that any drop in the levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor may cause depression symptoms (Phillipe., 2017). However, an increased level of this helps to speed up healing during a clinical process. Chronic stress can damage the central neurons, decreasing the stories of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and causing depressive symptoms.

Effects of Depression on Health

Depression causes endocrine abnormalities, which result in endocrine disorders. The most common condition associated with depression is the increased activity of the HPA (Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis (Kim et al., 2016). It results in the diseases of parathyroid, adrenal glands, and thyroid glands and also causes diabetes mellitus, which involves insulin secretion. Some long-term effects are the unresponsive treatment of the thyroid, adrenal and parathyroid glands.

Short-term effects on the nervous system include slowed-down neurological functions, irritability, sudden intense mood swings, disorientation, lethargy, and muscle weakness. The long-term effects of depression on this system include migraines, pains unresponsive to pain medications, prolonged body aches, and loss of memory.

Depression causes diarrhoea or increased intestinal motility in the gastrointestinal system. Prolonged duration of depression may cause regurgitation, leading to chronic ulcers. It can lead to a build-up of acid in the respiratory system, leading to respiratory acidosis.

Depression is treated after a holistic assessment. This holistic assessment includes clinical assessment, identification of stressors, presence of underlying disorders, looking at the patient’s preference, and weighing on the prognosis if they have had one before. Medications are given, which include antidepressants and other drugs, to manage the clinical manifestations of an individual (Olfson et al., 2016).

Depression can be prevented by creating awareness of the effects of an excellent early childhood upbringing. It can also be controlled by educating the caretakers and parents on how to handle those who have had depression before to minimize the strength of stressors. Advocating for the implementation of government policies on mental health and encouraging psychotherapeutic talks can help prevent depression.

Stress-related disorders such as depression can be avoided by seeking immediate help. Early medical attention, such as attending cognitive and behavioural psychotherapy, helps to minimize the weight of stress and the number of stressors on an individual. The decreased number of stressors on an individual is directly proportional to the improved health status of an individual.

Conclusion

In conclusion, there is a close association between stress and depression. Stress contributes to depression via environmental stressors, psychological stressors, for example, psychological vulnerability, and neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factors. A decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factors causes depressive symptoms. Still, depression affects the endocrine system, nervous system, gastrointestinal system, and respiratory system. It causes endocrine abnormalities and diseases of the glands. These glands include the thyroid, adrenal and parathyroid. However, there are ways to treat and prevent depression, for example, the administration of antidepressants. Apart from these two, depression can be avoided.

References

Cassidy, T. (2017). Stress, cognition and health. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315800103

Kim, Y. K., Na, K. S., Myint, A. M., & Leonard, B. E. (2016). The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and the neuroendocrine system in major depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 64, 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.008

Olfson, M., Blanco, C., & Marcus, S. C. (2016). Treatment of adult depression in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(10), 1482-1491. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2546155

Phillips, C. (2017). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and physical activity: making the neuroplastic connection. Neural plasticity, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7260130

Yang, L., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Li, B., & Cui, R. (2015). The effects of psychological stress on depression. Current neuropharmacology, 13(4), 494-504. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cn/2015/00000013/00000004/art00011

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Module 2 – Case

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS

Assignment Overview

Stress and Depression

Scientists have known for some time that stress can aggravate physical or mental illnesses. We also know that stress is also associated with an increased risk for psychological and physical diseases such as:

Depression
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Breast Cancer ( I chose breast Cancer because my Aunt Passed away from it.)
Headache
During the normal stress response, the nervous system and endocrine systems respond. Chronic stress can result in the continued comeback of these systems, especially regarding hormone release, which can impact other body systems.

Case Assignment
Choose one of the disorders below to research.

Depression
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Breast Cancer
Headache
Describe the current research that supports how stress contributes to the effects of the disorder (3 well-developed paragraphs).

How does your chosen stress-related disorder affect short- and long-term health? Consider the impact on endocrine, nervous and other body systems (3 well-developed paragraphs).

What can be done to prevent and treat your chosen stress-related disorder? (2 well-developed paragraphs).

Conclude how to avoid these stress-related disorders (1 well-developed paragraph).

Special Population LGBTQIA

The Most Significant Barriers to Culturally Appropriate Health Care for LGBTQAI+ Individuals and Families

The barriers can be categorized into three main factors. They include limited knowledge, poor access, and negative experiences. Healthcare providers have limited knowledge and experience in taking care of the LGBTQ+ population (The LGBTQ Rights Movement, n.d.). This prevents the appropriate delivery of healthcare services. Besides, stereotypes and discriminative approaches by healthcare providers create negative treatment experiences for the LGBTQIA (National LGBT Health Education Center, 2015). This triggers fear and lowers the probability of seeking healthcare services for this population. Further, LGBTQI+ members are likely to be rejected by their kin, jobless, and homeless. This limits their access to health insurance and essential healthcare services.

My Perspective on Transgender Individuals Being the Most Vulnerable of the LGBTQAI+ Group When it Comes to Health Care and Social Inclusion.

I strongly agree that LGBTQIA are the most vulnerable population when it comes to healthcare and social inclusion. An example is Samantha, who identifies as a transgender female. Samantha reports that she used to collect her sister’s clothes and other collections in her childhood and hoard them in the closet (Being Transgender, 2017). Her mother found out about it and threw the collections on the floor. She told Samantha to avoid feminine possessions, failure to which she could expose her to the community. Subsequently, a transgender male, Jamie, reports the same discrimination. Jamie says that people expected him to grow a beard and deepen his voice immediately. This indicates discrimination against social inclusion. Further, Jamie reports a lack of advice and healthcare direction on having children. Therefore, this population is vulnerable when it comes to healthcare and social inclusion.

Improvement Areas in Healthcare for LGBTQ+ Care According to HEI Report Findings.

The data demonstrate improvement in four aspects. They include non-discrimination and staff training, service and support provision, employee benefits and policies, and community and patient engagement. This is supported by data collected from facilities such as Buffalo General Medical Center and Evergreen Health (Healthcare Equality Index, 2020). Many facilities scored all points when the four aspects were assessed. Some facilities are not regular participants in the study, while others don’t provide information. An example is Vassar Brothers Medica Center, which is listed as a research facility. This fails to provide a true reflection of improved aspects of care in New York City.

Creating a More Culturally Appropriate and Inclusive Experience for LGBTQAI+ Individuals and Their Families in My Community

Inclusivity and culturally appropriate experience can be created by setting up LGBTQIA inclusion policies and LGBTQIA training. These policies should focus on the importance of equality and diversity and prohibit discrimination. Educating staff and the community on LGBTQIA topics will facilitate proper enforcement of the policies.

References

Being Transgender: Directed by Sreya Biswas, Narrated by

Rebecca Root, Produced by Sreya Biswas, British Broadcasting Corporation. In

Horizon, Season 53, Episode 15 (London, England: BBC Worldwide, 2017) (55

minutes). https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6sua57

Human Rights Campaign Foundation Website, Healthcare Equality Index (2020).

https://www.hrc.org/resources/healthcare-equality-index

National LGBT Health Education Center. (2015). Providing Welcoming Services and Care for LGBT People: A Learning Guide for Health Care Staff. January 1–29.

Special Population. The LGBTQ Rights Movement. (n.d.).

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Instruction must respond to all four questions

Part II: From “outside” to “inside:” This week’s videos contain some personal LGBTQAI+ stories and the barriers these folks face to accessing culturally appropriate health care. Despite legal gains in some areas like same-sex marriage, there are still many aspects to our healthcare system that feel much more exclusive than inclusive, resulting in many in a feeling of living “outside” the healthcare system. Drawing on the stories and experiences presented this week and the information presented on the HEI 2020 and Healthy People 2020 websites, please discuss the following questions, one at a time, with classmates and your instructor.

Special Population LGBTQIA

What do you see as the most significant barriers to culturally appropriate health care for LGBTQAI+ individuals and families? Please apply your assigned readings and videos to support your responses.
It is often said that transgender members of our society are the most vulnerable of the LGBTQAI+ group when it comes to health care and social inclusion. After viewing the documentary Being Transgender, to what extent do you agree with transgender individuals being the most vulnerable, and why? Cite two to three specific examples from the video to support your response.
After reviewing the Healthcare Equality Index results for your local community, what stands out to you as the most improved area(s) of care for LGBTQAI+ persons? The biggest gap? Support your discussion with data from the HEI report findings.
What is one specific thing you can do starting today in your workplace or community to create a more culturally appropriate and inclusive experience for LGBTQAI+ individuals and their families?

Organizational Behavior

Organizational behavior refers to the academic study of how an organization’s people interact with each other. Studying organizational behavior helps a firm understand its people better to improve operations. The study of organizational behavior intends to improve job satisfaction, innovation, and performance and enhance leadership. Each of these metrics has its actions that could be implemented to improve the organization.

Components of Organizational Behavior

People 

People refer to the employees of an organization. They are the most important component of a business. Since employees help the organization achieve its dreams, the owners and managers should treat them well. Treating employees well will result in more returns (Hiriyappa, 2009). There are many ways the organization can treat employees well, including ensuring optimum employee engagement. Also, managers should strive to understand employees individually. Even though employees sometimes work in groups, they have distinct personalities. An effort to understand employees’ personality attributes helps managers handle them better.

Structure

Another component of organizational behavior is the organizational structure. It refers to the roles and relationships of an organization’s people (Hiriyappa, 2009). Employees are clustered into different categories based on their roles. For instance, an organization’s structure may include executives, assistants, supervisors, and subordinates. Different power relationships exist based on these categories. Nonetheless, all people across different structural clusters work in a coordinated manner as they pursue organizational objectives.

Each individual’s roles and responsibilities across the organizational structure must be clearly defined to ensure optimum productivity. That can be achieved by dividing the work into small bits (Hiriyappa, 2009). When roles are clearly defined, there is a reduced chance of confusion since everyone knows their job. Besides, employees will be efficient if everyone knows what is expected. In addition, successful structuring also calls for specialization. Individuals should only be assigned the tasks they are good at. Letting staff members do what they are good at will spur productivity and help the organization achieve its goals (Kopp, 2022). Managers must not assign employees randomly without knowing if employees can handle them.

Technology

Technology, as a component of organizational behavior, is meant to help people do their jobs better and more easily. It provides the economic and physical resources that make work easier. Without technology, performing tasks in this era could be a herculean task (Hiriyappa, 2009). The extent of reliance on technology depends on the nature of work and the scale of operations. Notably, technology improves organizational operations by providing tools, resources, and machines needed to improve operations. Also, technology plays a key role in reducing overall business costs and enhancing the quality of the final work deliverables. Although technology enables people to work more freely, it still imposes restrictions in the form of terms and conditions.

Environment

The environment in which an organization operates is also a core component of organizational behavior. Both the internal and external environments affect its operations. On the one hand, the internal environment largely refers to the organizational culture. On the other hand, the external environment refers to the political landscape, social attributes, culture, and economic factors in a given area. Organizational behavior involves studying these factors and making the necessary organizational changes where needed.

Whereas an organization can control the internal environment, the extent to which an organization can influence the external environment is limited. Factors in the external business environment affect the motives, attitudes, and working conditions at the workplace. The relationship between an external business environment and the business is that the latter imports inputs from the environment while exporting output to the same environment (Hiriyappa, 2009). The impact of the external environment on an organization constitutes organizational behavior.

The Impact of Organizational Behavior on the Failure or Success of an Organization

Organizational behavior helps the business understand employees’ drivers, motives, and attitudes. With such understanding in place, the organization can adjust its cultural design to fit employees. For instance, employees like constant engagement and respectful treatment. An organization that engages employees and treats them with respect is likely to succeed. That is because engaged employees align their individual goals with those of the organization (Hitt et al., 2018). They will commit to their work and produce better results. Also, organizational behavior requires that employees are compensated well. An organizational reward system should be satisfactory and be applied consistently across the organization (Hitt et al., 2018). Reward systems commonly used to compensate employees include performance pay, share ownership, and pay for profit. Among the three, performance pay stands out as the most effective in driving employees to commit to organizational goals and do their jobs well.

Another aspect of organizational behavior that drives success is decision-making. Organizational managers who encourage employees to take risks are likely to influence success (Hitt et al., 2018). That is because employees have an incentive to be creative and innovative. Also, effective communication from the top drives success. Constant organizational communication helps managers understand the business context while helping employees to be actively involved in pursuing an organization’s goals.

In conclusion, organizational behavior determines the success or failure of a business. That is because it affects resources that are core to the success of a business. It is important that managers or business owners focus on the components they may want to change or modify. By eliminating elements that could be slowing down employee productivity, an organization creates a positive culture.

References

Hitt, M. A., C Chet Miller, & Colella, A. (2018). Organizational behavior. Wiley.

Hiriyappa, B. (2009). Organizational behavior. New Age International.

Kopp, C. (2022). Organizational Behavior Definition. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/organizational-behavior.asp#:~:text=Organizational%20behavior%20is%20the%20academic

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ASSIGNMENT: As a starting assignment, you’ll have the opportunity to review some components of organizational behavior:

Organizational Behavior

Define organizational behavior (business).
Describe different components of organizational behavior
Explain how the understanding of organizational behavior can lead to the success and failure of an organization.

Format:

Make sure you follow this format:

Title Page

Introduction

Define organizational behavior. (APA Level 1)
Describe different components of organizational behavior. (APA Level 1)
Explain how the understanding of organizational behavior can lead to the success and failure of an organization (APA Level 1)

Conclusion