Measures of association is used in analytical epidemiology to identify the connection of being exposure and disease outcome. Included in the measures are relative risk, absolute risk reduction, attributable risk, and odds ratio. In your judgement, what are the relevancy/principles do these measures add to public health decision makers? Select one measure of association, and use it as an example. Your write-up should be at least 250 words with in-text citations and references

Required unit resources:

Chapter 7: Measures of association by Ray Merrill

Let’s focus on Relative Risk (RR) as an example: 

 

You will need to turn a layperson’s paragraph into a medical professional paragraph. Learning is increased when students practice going in both directions; formal to informal, and informal to formal. 

Example

Casual: I fell off my motorcycle and broke my arm. It hurt something terrible and the bones were sticking right through my arm. The medic said it was cutting off my blood flow and my fingers were numb and purply. I was really worried the doctors would have to cut them right off. But when I got to the hospital, I saw a special bone doctor and he fixed me right up.

Formal: The patient sustained an open compound fracture of the radius. He was complaining of severe 10/10 pain. Circulation distal to the injury was decreased. Fingers were pale with paresthesia. The patient asked if his fingers would have to be amputated. The patient was referred to an orthopedic specialist.

Produce a casual and formal paragraph describing the terminology for a pathology.

Include the following aspects in the discussion:

• The response should be long enough to ensure the chosen terms are used.
• The terms can be from chapters 1 through 5.
• Underline the terms and supporting terms, and place definitions for each at the end of the initial discussion post.

 Chapter 3,4 and 5

OER eBook – Building a Medical Terminology Foundation 

Purpose- This assignment ties together the concepts of simultaneous diffusion and osmosis.    

Instructions

Required resources: the information in the textbook chapter and associated lecture highlights.

Complete the worksheet document.

Chapter 7 Assignment Simultaneous Diffusion and Osmosis-6.docxDownload Chapter 7 Assignment Simultaneous Diffusion and Osmosis-6.docx

Attempts are unlimited until the due date.  

Review the grading rubric.

Suggestions:

Word in Office 365 has a drawing tab.  Use a stylus (digital pen) so that your work is legible.  Another option:  You can also upload the file to Windows whiteboard and write on the document there.  Typing in a textbox is another option.

If you choose to print out the file, photograph each page and convert it to a pdf.   There are many apps available to do the task.  Also, make sure the initial photo is sized and positioned correctly.   It must be legible.

 

Part A – Learning Journal

As you complete the assignment, keep track of the resources that you used and list ALL of them as part of your assignment submission.

• If you used websites, include the links. This will help you get back to the sources that were helpful later, and let’s me know where you got your information.
• If you got help from the tutoring center, another student in the class, or a friend let me know.  It’s important to give credit to those that helped you.
• Please try to use your own words whenever possible. If you use someone else’s words directly, be sure to use quotation marks and identify the original source.

For this part of the assignment, list the resources you used AND how you used them.

• For example, you might write something like this: I found most of the definitions in the textbook. But, I had to look up the terms X and Y online and found them on this link… I figured out most of the relationship using the Crash Course video on the resources page. I also asked the instructor for some help because I couldn’t figure out where X belong in the map.
• Another example: I found the definitions in these links: A, B, C. I copied most of the definitions directly from these sources, so I used quotation marks to indicate that and identified which source each definition is from.  I found the relationship information in these links: B, C, D, E.

Note: This assignment asks for definitions. It can be difficult to use your own words for basic definitions. It’s OK if you want to quote from sources – but be sure to use quotation marks and cite your sources. But, do your best to use your own words when you can – this will be required in future assignments, so this is a good time to practice that.

Assignment – Part B

Part B – Cells

Core Goal

Your goal is to demonstrate your knowledge of cell structures by:

• Identifying if each structure is found in animal cells, in plant cells, and/or in bacterial cells.  Structures can be found in one, two or all of these.
• Identifying what each structure looks like.
• Identifying what each structure does.

Cell structures:

1. DNA
2. Nucleus
3. Cell wall
4. Ribosomes
5. Chloroplast
6. Mitochondrion
7. Golgi apparatus
8. Plasma membrane
9. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
10. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Level-up

Add these structures to your answer from above:

1. Cytosol
2. Lysosome
3. Nucleolus
4. Peroxisome
5. Cytoskeleton
6. Secretory Vesicles

Assignment – Part C

Assignment – Part C – Applications

Core Goal

Answer the questions below. Note: application questions are asking you to apply the information you learned in part A.  Think about the cell structures found in human cells, and those found in bacterial cells. Which structures would be good targets if you wanted to kill bacteria causing an infection but not harm the patient?

Antibiotics (more accurately called antibacterials) are used to treat infections because they kill bacterial cells without too much harm to the patient.  Antibacterials should target structures that are present in bacteria but not in the human patient.

1. Would the cell wall be a good target for an antibacterial? Why or why not?
2. Would the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum be a good target for an antibacterial? Why or why not?
3. Ribosomes are a good target for antibiotics even though both patient and bacterial cells have these structures. Why can antibiotics target bacterial ribosomes without harming the patient’s cells?  [This one will take a bit of research; be sure to cite your sources].

Level-up

Answer the questions below.  Section 2.2Links to an external site. of our textbook will help you answer these questions.

1. Describe five characteristics of living things.
   1. Which of these characteristics do viruses have?
   2. Using your answer to A above, would you consider viruses living?  Why or why not?
2. Antibiotics don’t help with viral diseases. Antiviral medications are used to treat viruses. Which of the following would be a good target for destroying a virus? Explain your answer.
   1. Cell Walls
   2. Cell Membranes
   3. Specific organelles
   4. Specific proteins