Genetically Modified Organisms

April 14, 2024/0 Comments/in Biology /by bonniejecinta

Genetically Modified Organisms

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms that have been transformed to harbor desirable traits through genetic engineering techniques. Genetic engineering (GE) transfers desirable genomic features from unrelated organisms, usually microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria, into target organisms such as crops like maize or animals like sheep (Teferra, 2021). To modify the target organism, a number of molecular tools are required to express the desirable characteristics. These include genetic transfer methods, cloning vectors facilitating gene transfer, promoters, and selectable markers. A common hereditary transfer method is transformation. In this process, target DNA uptake by microorganisms occurs naturally. Promoters are DNA segments that regulate the expression of genes. They are selected to optimize the desired genes at a specific level of expression. Selectable markers, on the other hand, are proteins with antibiotic resistance. They are used for the identification of transformed clones.

Purpose of GE in Plants

Agricultural industries that are dependent on natural resources face the challenges of water shortage, reduced land, soil erosion, and harsh climatic conditions, which in turn result in short supplies of products. Consequently, genetic engineering presents new opportunities to improve plant production in various ways. These include the production of crops with characteristics such as enhanced insect activity like insect pollination, drought tolerance, herbicide resistance, viral infection tolerance, insect resistance, altered flowering, improved ripening, and enhanced nutritional value. Additionally, plants are genetically modified to express extended shelf-life, facilitating the transportation of perishable crops across the globe. Popular genetically modified crops include Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton, which is resistant to herbicides, papayas with viral immune traits, and tomatoes with delayed ripening.

Creation of Genetically Modified Organisms

Genetic modification of plants follows a sequence of procedures: selection, isolation of target genes, cutting with restriction enzymes, vector transformation, the transformation of host cells, cloning, screening, amplification, modification of the target plant cells, screening, storage, and propagation of the transformed plant. Firstly, the gene of interest (pesticide resistance gene) is selected and isolated from a foreign living organism like Bacillus thuringiensis. Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA sequences of the isolated gene at specific locations. Then, enzyme ligase is introduced to join the target DNA (T-DNA) to the plasmid vectors. The transformed plasmid vectors are put into selected host cells (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) to facilitate the transfer of the T-DNA.

T-DNA can be delivered into the host cells through electroporation, a technique that utilizes electric pulses to facilitate the uptake of DNA through the cell membrane. The transformed host cells are then cloned and screened through procedures like nucleic acid hybridization to ensure that they carry the T-DNA. The transformed cells are then amplified to produce many copies that are transferred into the target plant cells. Finally, the modified plant cells are stored and propagated for commercial purposes. Common foods containing GMOs include zucchini, papayas, oranges, wheat flour, sugar, and canola oil.

GMOs and Human Consumption

Most consumers are concerned about GMOs and their effect on human health. Zheng & Wang (2021) state that there is no scientific evidence on the long-term impacts of GMOs on human health. Besides that, GMOs have beneficial characteristics such as additional nutritional value and allergen-free foods. Applications of GE technology include the removal of allergens from foods for safer consumption. GE has been successful in the removal of ?-amylase inhibitors, which are major allergens in rice (Shewry & Jones, 2007). Also, improving the nutritional value of foods can be achieved through GE technology. For instance, GE has been applied to incorporate ferritin (iron storage gene) into plants like maize, peas, soybeans, and French beans to increase their iron content (Bouis et al., 2003).

Regulations for GMO Foods

According to the Food and Drug Administration, GM foods to be treated as conventional food products must pass all the food safety tests before they are released for commercial use. For instance, their nutritional value should not be lowered, their modification should only involve substances in the existing human diet, and they should not cause new allergies (Huffman & McCluskey, 2014). The food safety procedures are conducted by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the European Commission (EC), and the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health, which either approves or rejects GM food (Twardowski and Ma?yska, 2015). In the United States, aspects of GMOs are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Regulations for GMOs include the labeling of products. Governments set up labeling rules primarily to inform consumers about their food. Following the announcement by USDA in 2018, foods containing more than 5% GMO ingredients should be labeled as genetically modified food. FDA also maintains that GM labeling should be applied in cases where the GM food product differs from its natural counterparts by posing risks to human health. In the European Union, manufacturers are required to label products with more than 0.9% of EU-approved GM material.

Furthermore, in some countries, GMO labeling is mandatory and voluntary in other countries. In China, for example, GM labeling is compulsory. The government requires tomatoes, rapeseed, cotton, corn, and soybeans to be labeled with GMO content. The other types of crops not included are voluntarily labeled or not labeled (Zheng & Wang, 2021).

Conclusion

Genetically engineered organisms are created through genetic engineering techniques. A plant or animal is modified by incorporating the gene of interest into the organism, making it more desirable. The purpose of genetic engineering in agriculture is to produce plants with advantageous traits such as improved flowering, improved ripening, herbicide resistance, pesticide resistance, drought tolerance, viral resistance, and prolonged shelf-life. GMO foods are safe for human consumption. They present new opportunities for improving human health. For instance, women with iron deficiency can rely on GM soybeans with additional iron content. Additionally, the government has set regulations concerning GM foods through the FDA, USDA, and EPA organizations. These organizations ensure that GM foods are safe for human consumption before being released for commercial use.

References

Bouis, H., Chassy, B., & Ochanda, J. (2003). 2. Genetically modified food crops and their contribution to human nutrition and food quality. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 14(5-8), 196-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-2244(03)00073-6

Huffman, W., & McCluskey, J. (2014). Labeling of genetically modified foods. Handbook on Agriculture, Biotechnology and Development, 467-487. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857938350.00036

Parekh, S. (2004). The GMO handbook. Humana Press.

Shewry, P., & Jones, H. (2007). Developing allergen-free foods by genetic manipulation. Managing Allergens in Food, 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845692278.2.147

Teferra, T. (2021). Should we still worry about the safety of GMO foods? Why and why not? A review. Food Science & Nutrition, 9(9), 5324-5331. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2499

Zheng, Q., & Wang, H. (2021). Do Consumers View the Genetically Modified Food Labeling Systems Differently? Contains GMO Versus Non-GMO Labels. The Chinese Economy, 54(6), 376-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2021.1890356

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Well write everything from scratch

Question

Recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems, make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations, weigh the evidence, and make decisions based on the strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge. The scientific method uses knowledge of biological principles, the scientific method, and appropriate technologies to ask relevant questions, develop hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, interpret results, and draw conclusions.

Genetically Modified Organisms

Find at least three reliable information sources related to your chosen topic.

Write a paper with a title page, introduction, several paragraphs addressing the questions, conclusion, and references. You must write in your own words and paraphrase information from the selected information sources, addressing each of the questions for your chosen topic. Your paper should consist of less than 10% direct quotes. Your paper should be 750-1500 words, excluding references and a title page.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs). A friend tells you that she avoids foods containing GMOs because they are unhealthy. You decide to use the knowledge gained from your biology class and some additional research to form your own opinion on GMOs. Answer the following questions backed up by reliable information sources.

What is the purpose of genetic engineering of crop plants? Include at least two specific examples of commonly grown GMO crops. How are GMOs created? Use the provided course materials and make a connection to the central dogma of molecular biology in your explanation. Which foods in your supermarket contain GMOs? Are foods that contain GMOs safe for human consumption? What types of regulations exist for these foods? Clearly explain your reasoning for each answer in your paper and conclude whether or not you agree with your friend.

Lab Report on Cell Membranes/Physical Stress on Beet Cell Membranes

April 11, 2024/in Biology /by bonniejecinta

Write a lab report on Lab#7 Cell Membranes/Physical Stress on Beet Cell Membranes. The lab is done as you will find it in the files along with the lab report requirements. Please use reference to the book as I will leave the name and link on the files as well.

Biology Lecture Assignment 1

April 7, 2024/in Biology /by bonniejecinta

This assignment will enhance your analytical, critical thinking, and collaborative skills by examining a real-world case study. Please engage in group discussions to explore various aspects of the case below and then individually articulate your answers to the questions following the cast study.

College sophomore Nadia is a star point guard for her school’s basketball team. She is excited about the divisional finals Friday night—she’s even heard rumors that a professional scout will be in the stands. On Thursday morning, she wakes up with a sore throat. Her forehead doesn’t feel warm, so she forces herself to attend her Thursday classes; but when she wakes up on Friday morning, her throat is noticeably worse. Still, she forces herself to attend Friday morning class but feels tired and much worse by noon. It is downright painful to swallow, and she skips lunch.

Nearly crying, she heads back to the dorm and checks her temperature— 101°F. Desperate, she walks to the student health center, where a nurse practitioner notices white patches on the back of Nadia’s throat and on her tonsils. The divisional basketball game starts in six hours, but it only takes a few minutes for the nurse practitioner to perform a rapid streptococcal antigen test and determine that Nadia has streptococcal, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), pharyngitis—strep throat. She will miss the big game.

Strep throat is caused by an encapsulated, Gram-positive bacterium, Streptococcus pyogenes. The only good news is that by taking the prescribed penicillin, Nadia should be ready for her next big game—hopefully, the quarterfinals.

How does the capsule of Streptococcus contribute to the bacterium’s ability to cause disease?
What bacterial structures besides the capsule may be allowing Streptococcus to infect Nadia’s throat?
Penicillin works by interrupting the formation of peptidoglycan. What bacterial structure contains peptidoglycan?
In a Gram-positive organism such as Streptococcus, is peptidoglycan typically thicker or thinner than it would be in a Gram-negative bacterium?

Microbiology Lab Report- Gram Staining, Simple Staining, Negative Staining

April 7, 2024/in Biology /by bonniejecinta

1. Do a search online 1-2 antibiotics that affect Gram-positive bacteria and list them. On what part of the cell do the antibiotics usually work? List one or two antibiotics that affect Gram-negative bacteria? On what part of the cell do the antibiotics usually work? (Be sure to cite your sources in your answer.) (5 points)

2. Why do you think it is important to identify a bacterial disease in a patient before prescribing any antibiotic treatments? (Be specific.) (5 points)

3. What are some of the limitations of simple staining? (5 points)

4. Give an example of a situation in a lab or medical setting in which simple staining would be utilized. (5 points)

5. So far in this lab, you have used one type of simple stain(Crystal violet) and one type of negative stain (Nigrosin), yet there are many other simple and negative dyes available. Pick one simple dye and one negative dye, and discuss how those dyes differ from the ones you used in this lab. Give a scenario in which their use would be appropriate. (5 points)

6. Using either a textbook or a reputable online resource, research some of the typical characteristics of bacteria, and discuss why it might be important for a researcher or a hospital technician to be able to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. (5 points)

BIO GENETICS LAB 2 QUESTIONS HELP

April 7, 2024/in Biology /by Lucy

NEED HELP WITH BLANK BOX QUESTION

(question 1 and 4 in conclusion part. )

* It would be nice if you can check my answeres too.

NOTES:

Tube Sample Lane

1 1 kb DNA ladder 1

2 Mother’s DNA 2

3 Child’s DNA 3

4 A.F. #1 DNA 4

5 A.F. #2 DNA 5

Record the distance each ladder band moved from the well in mm along with the size of the DNA fragments in that band in bp units, based on the bp given in step 19 , in your Lab Notes.

Lane 1:

1,000 bp 34 mm

900 bp 36 mm

800 bp 38 mm

700 bp 40 mm

600 bp 43 mm

500 bp 47 mm

400 bp 51 mm

300 bp 56 mm

250 bp 60 mm

200 bp 64 mm

150 bp 69 mm

100 bp 77 mm

50 bp 90 mm

Lane 2:

37 mm 850bp

59 mm 265bp

Lane 3:

37 mm 850bp

44 mm 575bp

Lane 4:

41 mm 670bp

43 mm 600bp

Lane 5:

44 mm 575bp

55 mm 320bp

Experiment: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA Fragments

Lab Results

List the distances traveled in mm for the bands in the DNA ladder in the table below.
Remember, smaller fragments travel farther than longer ones, so the top-most band will be the 1,000 bp sized DNA fragments whereas the bottom-most band will be the 50 bp sized DNA fragments.

DNA Ladder
Band	Distance (mm)
50 bp	90 mm
100 bp	77 mm
150 bp	69 mm
200 bp	64 mm
250 bp	60 mm
300 bp	56 mm
400 bp	51 mm
500 bp	47 mm
600 bp	43 mm
700 bp	40 mm
800 bp	38 mm
900 bp	36 mm
1,000 bp	34 mm

Whose sample had the approximately 570 bp and 320 bp sized DNA fragments?
What were the sizes of the DNA fragments for alleged father #1?

Data Analysis

Which size DNA fragment did the child inherit from her mother?
Which alleged father, if any, can be definitively ruled out as the child’s biological father?

Conclusions

How are new molecules of DNA synthesized in living cells?

What is the function of DNA?

DNA has genetic information that controls our cells. So, DNA is like a blueprint that shows how to construct components of cells like proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA). This information is carried down to newer generations through inheritance.

If each individual has such a small amount of DNA in their cells, how do the bands on the gel contain enough DNA to be visible?

In order to make DNA visible. The Gel has to be soaked in a dye (ethidium bromide) to bind with the DNA and rinsed off after. Ethidium bromide helps to make DNA visible by glowing brightly in UV rays.

Humans only have a few eye colors and only four ABO-based blood types. How can DNA tests definitively identify individuals when many people have brown eyes or type A blood?
Suppose a suspicious hair was found in a victim’s home. A gel is set up with the DNA fragments of two suspected criminals in lanes 4 and 5, the DNA fragments of the suspicious hair in lane 3, and the victim’s DNA fragments, as a negative control, are in lane 2. A DNA ladder is in lane 1. The resulting gel is below. Which suspect, if any, committed the crime? Explain your answer.

Lane 4,5 (two suspected criniminals)

Microscopy for Microbiology – Use and Function Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version 42-0249-00-02

April 7, 2024/in Biology /by Lucy

Please note that I already have all the answers to this lab and the only thing I need is the PICTURES to go with it. I will not adjust the price of this post. Thank you!

I do not have my lab kit as yet and so the MICROSCOPE is what I do not have, so again all I need is the answers to the questions related to the pictures. I need the pictures of the magnified letter. PLEASE DO NOT GOOGLE THIS AND USE THEM, I WILL KNOW!!!!

Lab Reports:

You need to write:

1. Background

2. Procedure- can be in paragraph or step by step format.

3. Answer the Questions at the end.

UMUC Biology 102 / 103 Lab 3: Cell Structure and Function ANSWER KEY

April 7, 2024/in Biology /by Lucy

This contains 100% correct material for UMUC Biology 103 LAB03. However, this is an Answer Key, which means, you should put it in your own words. Here is a sample for the Pre lab questions answered:

Pre-Lab Questions

1. Identify the major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (2 pts)

Prokaryotes tend to be less complex than eukaryotic cells, with fewer organelles and (generally) fewer requirements for survival. Eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have DNA, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm.

2. Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryotic cell? (2 pts)

DNA is housed in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, and thus DNA exists freely in the cytoplasm.

3. Identify three structures which provide support and protection in a eukaryotic cell. (2 pts)

The cell membrane, the cytoplasm, and the cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments, etc.).

The rest of the questions are answered as well:

Experiment 1: Cell Structure and Function

Post-Lab Questions

1. Label each of the arrows in the following slide image:

2. What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

3. Would an animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not?

4. What could you determine about a specimen if you observed a slide image showing the specimen with a cell wall, but no nucleus or mitochondria?

5. Hypothesize why parts of a plant, such as the leaves, are green, but other parts, such as the roots, are not. Use scientific reasoning to support your hypothesis.

Experiment 2: Osmosis – Direction and Concentration Gradients

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 3: Sucrose Concentration vs. Tubing Permeability

Band Color	Sucrose %	Initial Volume (mL)	Final Volume (mL)	Net Displacement (mL)
Yellow
Red
Blue
Green

Hypothesis:

Post-Lab Questions

1. For each of the tubing pieces, identify whether the solution inside was hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic in comparison to the beaker solution in which it was placed.

2. Which tubing increased the most in volume? Explain why this happened.

3. What do the results of this experiment this tell you about the relative tonicity between the contents of the tubing and the solution in the beaker?

4. What would happen if the tubing with the yellow band was placed in a beaker of distilled water?

5. How are excess salts that accumulate in cells transferred to the blood stream so they can be removed from the body? Be sure to explain how this process works in terms of tonicity.

6. If you wanted water to flow out of a tubing piece filled with a 50% solution, what would the minimum concentration of the beaker solution need to be? Explain your answer using scientific evidence.

7. How is this experiment similar to the way a cell membrane works in the body? How is it different? Be specific with your response.

Biology Lab Work 4 assistance

April 7, 2024/in Biology /by Lucy

UMUC Biology 102/103

Lab 4: Enzymes

INSTRUCTIONS:

· On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 4 Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus).

· To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions.

· Save your Lab 4 Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab4 (e.g., Smith_Lab4).

· You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) file for best compatibility.

Pre-Lab Questions

How could you test to see if an enzyme was completely saturated during an experiment?

List three conditions that would alter the activity of an enzyme. Be specific with your explanation.

Take a look around your house and identify household products that work by means of an enzyme. Name the products, and indicate how you know they work with an enzyme.

Experiment 1: Enzymes in Food

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 1: Substance vs. Starch Presence

Table 1: Substance vs. Starch Presence
Substance	Resulting Color	Presence of Starch?
Positive Control: Ginger Root
Negative Control: *Student Must Select*
Food Product:
Food Product:
Saliva:

Post-Lab Questions

What were your controls for this experiment? What did they demonstrate? Why was saliva included in this experiment?

What is the function of amylase? What does amylase do to starch?

Which of the foods that you tested contained amylase? Which did not? What experimental evidence supports your claim?
Saliva does not contain amylase until babies are two months old. How could this affect an infant’s digestive requirements?
There is another digestive enzyme (other than salivary amylase) that is secreted by the salivary glands. Research to determine what this enzyme is called. What substrate does it act on? Where in the body does it become activated, and why?

Digestive enzymes in the gut include proteases, which digest proteins. Why don’t these enzymes digest the stomach and small intestine, which are partially composed of protein?

Experiment 2: Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 2: Balloon Circumference vs. Temperature

Table 2: Balloon Circumference vs. Temperature
Tube	Temperature (°C)	Uninflated Balloon Circumference (cm)	Final Balloon Circumference (cm)	Difference in Balloon Circumference (cm)
1 – (Cold)
2 – (RT)
3 – (Hot)

Post-Lab Questions

What reaction is being catalyzed in this experiment?
What is the enzyme in this experiment? What is the substrate?
What is the independent variable in this experiment? What is the dependent variable?
How does the temperature affect enzyme function? Use evidence from your data to support your answer.
Draw a graph of balloon diameter vs. temperature. What is the correlation?
Is there a negative control in this experiment? If yes, identify the control. If no, suggest how you could revise the experiment to include a negative control.
In general, how would an increase in substrate alter enzyme activity? Draw a graph to illustrate this relationship.
Design an experiment to determine the optimal temperature for enzyme function, complete with controls. Where would you find the enzymes for this experiment? What substrate would you use?

UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 2: The Chemistry of Life ANSWER KEY

April 7, 2024/in Biology /by bonniejecinta

This is the correct material for UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 2: The Chemistry of Life. However, this is an Answer Key, which means, you should put it in your own words. Here are the questions that will be answered. Attached is the lab that is fully completed when purchased. Enjoy!

Pre-Lab Questions

1. Nitrogen fixation is a natural process by which inert or unreactive forms of nitrogen are transformed into usable nitrogen. Why is this process important to life?

2. Given what you have learned about the hydrogen bonding shared between nucleic acids in DNA, which pair is more stable under increasing heat: adenine and thymine, or cytosine and guanine? Explain why.

3. Which of the following is not an organic molecule; Methane (CH₄), Fructose(C₆H₁₂O₆), Rosane (C₂₀H₃₆), or Ammonia (NH₃)? How do you know?

Experiment 1: Testing for Proteins

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 1: A Priori Predictions

Sample	Initial Color	Final Color	Is Protein Present?
1. Albumin Solution
2. Gelatin Solution
3. Glucose
4. Water
5. Unknown

Sample	Initial Color	Final Color	Is Protein Present?
1. Albumin Solution
2. Gelatin Solution
3. Glucose
4. Water
5. Unknown

Table 2: Testing for Proteins Results

Post-Lab Questions

1. Write a statement to explain the molecular composition of the unknown solution based on the results obtained during testing with each reagent.

2. How did your a priori predictions from Table 1 compare to your actual results in Table 2? If there were any inconsistencies, explain why this occurred.

3. Identify the positive and negative controls used in this experiment. Explain how each of these controls are used, and why they are necessary to validate the experimental results.

4. Identify two regions which proteins are vital components in the human body. Why are they important to these regions?

5. Diet and nutrition are closely linked to the study of biomolecules. Describe one method by which you could monitor your food intake to ensure the cells in your body have the materials necessary to function.

Experiment 2: Testing for Reducing Sugars

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 3: Testing for Reducing Sugars Results

Sample	Initial Color	Final Color	Reducing Sugar Present
1 – Potato
2 – Onion
3 – Glucose Solution
4 – Water
5 – Unknown

Post-Lab Questions

1. What can you conclude about the molecular make-up of potatoes and onions based on the test you performed? Why might these foods contain these substance(s)?

2. What results would you expect if you tested ribose, a monosaccharide, with Benedict’s solution? Biuret solution?

Experiment 3: What Household Substances are Acidic or Basic?

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 4: pH Values of Common Household Substances

Substance	pH Prediction	pH Test Strip Color

Post-Lab Questions

1. What is the purpose of determining the pH of the acetic acid and the sodium bicarbonate solution before testing the other household substances?

2. Compare and contrast acids and bases in terms of their H⁺ ion and OH^– ion concentrations.

3. Name two acids and two bases you often use.

i need picture for work and put my name onit

April 7, 2024/in Biology /by bonniejecinta

Materials

*30 cm x 30 cm Aluminum Foil (Cell Wall)

*4 Gelatin Packets, unflavored

*2 Resealable Bags (Cell Membrane)

*Bowl

*Household items to represent the cell structures

*Warm Water

You Must Provide items noted by an *asterisk

Procedure

1. Place four packets of unflavored gelatin in a bowl. Add 4 cups of hot water to the bowl. Do not refrigerate

the mixture yet!

Note: You do not need to heat the water in a microwave. Simply run tap water until it feels warm to the touch.

2. Label each resealable bag as either “Plant Cell” or “Animal Cell”. These will serve as the cell membrane.

3. Construct a cell wall using the aluminum foil. This should be large enough to fit the resealable bag when filled with half of the gelatin and some of the cell structures.

Hint: It is helpful to make this square-shaped.

4. Using your knowledge of the cell structures (rought component of endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, chloroplasts) think of household items which

can represent these structures. Find and collect these items for use in this experiment.

Hint: Colored paper may bleed when placed in gelatin.

5. Open the resealable bag labeled “Plant Cell” and pour half of the liquid gelatin into it.7. Add the items which represent plant cell structures (you must determine which items!) into the gelatin and tightly close the bag. If there is an “organelle” present in both plant and animal cells make sure to leave enough to be included in the animal cell.

6. Place the bag in the aluminum foil cell wall.

7. Open the resealable bag labeled “Animal Cell” and pour the remainder of the gelatin into it.

8. Add the items which represent animal cell structures (you must determine which items!) into the gelatin and tightly close the bag.

9. Place both “cells” into the refrigerator for 24 hours.

10. Return after 24 hours and observe the “cells” you have made. Notice the difference between the animal cell and the plant cell.

Genetically Modified Organisms