NEED HELP WITH BLANK BOX QUESTION

(question 1 and 4 in conclusion part. )

* It would be nice if you can check my answeres too.

 

NOTES:

Tube Sample Lane

1 1 kb DNA ladder 1

2 Mother’s DNA 2

3 Child’s DNA 3

4 A.F. #1 DNA 4

5 A.F. #2 DNA 5

 

 

 

Record the distance each ladder band moved from the well in mm along with the size of the DNA fragments in that band in bp units, based on the bp given in step 19 , in your Lab Notes.

 

Lane 1:

 

1,000 bp 34 mm

900 bp 36 mm

800 bp 38 mm

700 bp 40 mm

600 bp 43 mm

500 bp 47 mm

400 bp 51 mm

300 bp 56 mm

250 bp 60 mm

200 bp 64 mm

150 bp 69 mm

100 bp 77 mm

50 bp 90 mm

 

 

Lane 2:

 

37 mm 850bp

59 mm 265bp

 

 

Lane 3:

 

37 mm 850bp

44 mm 575bp

 

Lane 4:

 

41 mm 670bp

43 mm 600bp

 

Lane 5:

 

44 mm 575bp

 

55 mm 320bp

 

Experiment: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA Fragments

Lab Results

1. List the distances traveled in mm for the bands in the DNA ladder in the table below.
   Remember, smaller fragments travel farther than longer ones, so the top-most band will be the 1,000 bp sized DNA fragments whereas the bottom-most band will be the 50 bp sized DNA fragments.

    

   DNA Ladder
   Band	Distance (mm)
   50 bp	90 mm
   100 bp	77 mm
   150 bp	69 mm
   200 bp	64 mm
   250 bp	60 mm
   300 bp	56 mm
   400 bp	51 mm
   500 bp	47 mm
   600 bp	43 mm
   700 bp	40 mm
   800 bp	38 mm
   900 bp	36 mm
   1,000 bp	34 mm

    

2. Whose sample had the approximately 570 bp and 320 bp sized DNA fragments?
3. What were the sizes of the DNA fragments for alleged father #1?

Data Analysis

1. Which size DNA fragment did the child inherit from her mother?
2. Which alleged father, if any, can be definitively ruled out as the child’s biological father?

Conclusions

1. How are new molecules of DNA synthesized in living cells?
2. What is the function of DNA?
   

   DNA has genetic information that controls our cells. So, DNA is like a blueprint that shows how to construct components of cells like proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA). This information is carried down to newer generations through inheritance.

3. If each individual has such a small amount of DNA in their cells, how do the bands on the gel contain enough DNA to be visible?
   

   In order to make DNA visible. The Gel has to be soaked in a dye (ethidium bromide) to bind with the DNA and rinsed off after. Ethidium bromide helps to make DNA visible by glowing brightly in UV rays.

4. Humans only have a few eye colors and only four ABO-based blood types. How can DNA tests definitively identify individuals when many people have brown eyes or type A blood?
5. Suppose a suspicious hair was found in a victim’s home. A gel is set up with the DNA fragments of two suspected criminals in lanes 4 and 5, the DNA fragments of the suspicious hair in lane 3, and the victim’s DNA fragments, as a negative control, are in lane 2. A DNA ladder is in lane 1. The resulting gel is below. Which suspect, if any, committed the crime? Explain your answer.

   Lane 4,5 (two suspected criniminals)

This contains 100% correct material for UMUC Biology 103 LAB03. However, this is an Answer Key, which means, you should put it in your own words. Here is a sample for the Pre lab questions answered:

Pre-Lab Questions

1. Identify the major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (2 pts)

Prokaryotes tend to be less complex than eukaryotic cells, with fewer organelles and (generally) fewer requirements for survival. Eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have DNA, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm.

 

2. Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryotic cell? (2 pts)

DNA is housed in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, and thus DNA exists freely in the cytoplasm.

 

3. Identify three structures which provide support and protection in a eukaryotic cell. (2 pts)

The cell membrane, the cytoplasm, and the cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments, etc.).

 

The rest of the questions are answered as well:

 

Experiment 1: Cell Structure and Function

Post-Lab Questions

1.    Label each of the arrows in the following slide image:

 

 

2.    What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

 

 

 

3.    Would an animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not?

 

 

 

4.    What could you determine about a specimen if you observed a slide image showing the specimen with a cell wall, but no nucleus or mitochondria?

 

 

 

5.    Hypothesize why parts of a plant, such as the leaves, are green, but other parts, such as the roots, are not. Use scientific reasoning to support your hypothesis.

 

 

 

 

 

Experiment 2: Osmosis – Direction and Concentration Gradients

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 3: Sucrose Concentration vs. Tubing Permeability

 

Hypothesis:

 

 

 

 

Post-Lab Questions

1.    For each of the tubing pieces, identify whether the solution inside was hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic in comparison to the beaker solution in which it was placed.

 

2.    Which tubing increased the most in volume? Explain why this happened.

 

 

 

 

3.    What do the results of this experiment this tell you about the relative tonicity between the contents of the tubing and the solution in the beaker?

 

 

 

4.    What would happen if the tubing with the yellow band was placed in a beaker of distilled water?

 

 

 

5.    How are excess salts that accumulate in cells transferred to the blood stream so they can be removed from the body? Be sure to explain how this process works in terms of tonicity.

 

 

 

6.    If you wanted water to flow out of a tubing piece filled with a 50% solution, what would the minimum concentration of the beaker solution need to be? Explain your answer using scientific evidence.

 

 

 

7.    How is this experiment similar to the way a cell membrane works in the body? How is it different? Be specific with your response.

 

This is the correct material for UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 2: The Chemistry of Life. However, this is an Answer Key, which means, you should put it in your own words. Here are the questions that will be answered. Attached is the lab that is fully completed when purchased. Enjoy!

Pre-Lab Questions

1.    Nitrogen fixation is a natural process by which inert or unreactive forms of nitrogen are transformed into usable nitrogen. Why is this process important to life?

 

2.    Given what you have learned about the hydrogen bonding shared between nucleic acids in DNA, which pair is more stable under increasing heat: adenine and thymine, or cytosine and guanine? Explain why.

 

 

3.    Which of the following is not an organic molecule; Methane (CH₄), Fructose(C₆H₁₂O₆), Rosane (C₂₀H₃₆), or Ammonia (NH₃)? How do you know?

 

 

 

 

 

Experiment 1: Testing for Proteins

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 1: A Priori Predictions

Sample	Initial Color	Final Color	Is Protein Present?
1. Albumin Solution
2. Gelatin Solution
3. Glucose
4. Water
5. Unknown

 

Sample	Initial Color	Final Color	Is Protein Present?
1. Albumin Solution
2. Gelatin Solution
3. Glucose
4. Water
5. Unknown

Table 2: Testing for Proteins Results

 

 

 

Post-Lab Questions

1.    Write a statement to explain the molecular composition of the unknown solution based on the results obtained during testing with each reagent.

 

2.    How did your a priori predictions from Table 1 compare to your actual results in Table 2? If there were any inconsistencies, explain why this occurred.

 

3.    Identify the positive and negative controls used in this experiment. Explain how each of these controls are used, and why they are necessary to validate the experimental results.

 

 

4.    Identify two regions which proteins are vital components in the human body. Why are they important to these regions?

 

 

5.    Diet and nutrition are closely linked to the study of biomolecules. Describe one method by which you could monitor your food intake to ensure the cells in your body have the materials necessary to function.

Experiment 2: Testing for Reducing Sugars

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 3: Testing for Reducing Sugars Results

 

 

 

Post-Lab Questions

1.    What can you conclude about the molecular make-up of potatoes and onions based on the test you performed? Why might these foods contain these substance(s)?

 

2.    What results would you expect if you tested ribose, a monosaccharide, with Benedict’s solution? Biuret solution?

 

 

 

Experiment 3: What Household Substances are Acidic or Basic?

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 4: pH Values of Common Household Substances

 

 

Post-Lab Questions

1.    What is the purpose of determining the pH of the acetic acid and the sodium bicarbonate solution before testing the other household substances?

 

2.    Compare and contrast acids and bases in terms of their H⁺ ion and OH^– ion concentrations.

 

3.    Name two acids and two bases you often use.

This contains 100% correct material for UMUC Biology 103 LAB05. However, this is an Answer Key, which means, you should put it in your own words. Here is a sample for the Pre lab questions answered:

Pre-Lab Questions

 

 

 

1. What major events occur during interphase?

 

The cell functions at its job, and prepares for mitosis by collecting resources and duplicating organelles (G1) and genetic content (S), then creating proteins needed for nuclear division (G2).

 

 

 

2. A person, residing in a location where they are exposed to the sun often, develops a mutation in some of their skin cells resulting in cancer. Consider whether their offspring will be born with the same mutation. Use scientific evidence to support your answer.

 

 

 

It would be highly unlikely that the person’s offspring will be born with same skin cancer mutation because the mutation occurred in the person’s skin cells. Skin cells are somatic cells (body cells) and are not involved in meiosis or reproduction. For the mutation to be passed on to the offspring, a sex cell (sperm or egg) would have to carry the mutation.

 

The other questions that will be answered:

 

Experiment 1: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through Meiosis

 

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

 

Trial 1 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram:

 

Prophase I

 

Metaphase I

 

Anaphase I

 

Telophase I

 

Prophase II

 

Metaphase II

 

Anaphase II

 

Telophase I

 

Cytokinesis

 

Trial 2 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram:

 

Prophase I

 

Metaphase I

 

Anaphase I

 

Telophase I

 

Prophase II

 

Metaphase II

 

Anaphase II

 

Telophase I

 

Cytokinesis

 

 

 

Post-Lab Questions

 

1.    What is the ploidy of the DNA at the end of meiosis I? What about at the end of meiosis II

2.    How are meiosis I and meiosis II different?

3.    Why do you use non-sister chromatids to demonstrate crossing over?

 

4.    What combinations of alleles could result from a crossover between BD and bd chromosomes?

 

 5.    How many chromosomes were present when meiosis I started?

 

 6.    How many nuclei are present at the end of meiosis II? How many chromosomes are in each?

 

 7.    Identify two ways that meiosis contributes to genetic recombination.

 

8.    Why is it necessary to reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes, but not in other cells?

 

 9.    Blue whales have 44 chromosomes in every cell. Determine how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following:

 

 

 

                                  i.    Sperm Cell:

 

 

                                 ii.    Egg Cell:

 

 

 

                                iii.    Daughter Cell from Mitosis:

 

 

 

                               iv.    Daughter Cell from Meiosis II:

 

 

 

10.  Research and find a disease that is caused by chromosomal mutations. When does the mutation occur? What chromosomes are affected? What are the consequences?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11.  Diagram what would happen if sexual reproduction took place for four generations using diploid (2n) cells.

 

 

Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control

 

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

 

1.  

 

 

 

 

 

2.  

 

 

 

 

 

3.  

 

 

 

 

 

4.  

 

 

 

 

 

5.  

 

 

 

 

 

Post-Lab Questions

 

1.    Record your hypothesis from Step 1 in the Procedure section here.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.    What do your results indicate about cell cycle control?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.    Suppose a person developed a mutation in a somatic cell which diminishes the performance of the body’s natural cell cycle control proteins. This mutation resulted in cancer, but was effectively treated with a cocktail of cancer-fighting techniques. Is it possible for this person’s future children to inherit this cancer-causing mutation? Be specific when you explain why or why not.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.    Why do cells which lack cell cycle control exhibit karyotypes which look physically different than cells with normal cell cycle.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.    What are HeLa cells? Why are HeLa cells appropriate for this experiment?