Share an experience either personal or professional that involved either a man-made or natural disaster in your area. You may not have had any or much of a direct role in the response, but based on your readings, what might you have expected either yourself or another social work leader to do in that situation?
Discussions should be approximately 350 words long, use scholarly sources to back statements and arguments, use proper APA formatting for citations and references.
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What Determines Paternity in Wild Lizards? A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Behavior and
Morphology
The article concerns animals mating and the complex sequence of behavioral,
physiological, ecological, and biomechanical events. Sexual selection is naturally occurring in
the population and frequently physical and behavioral make it easier to understand intuitively
within the social context of a species. Anolis lizards are territorial, with male territories larger
than the female but the females’ territories by habitat quality, not male traits. Traditionally,
female choice plays a minimal in male reproduction, but studies show that turnover in territory
occupancy and extensive spatial overlap in anole populations. Genetic studies reveal the
prevalence of female multiple mating, suggesting the potential for sexual selection through
female mate choice. They conducted a study on adult A. cristatellus lizards by using dental floss
or hand then determined sex and measured SVL. They observed the lizards’ behaviors and
determined their locations for statistical analysis. They also observe female Anolis lizards lay
eggs, collect the eggs, and analyze the offspring. As the results of the observations and
experiments they successfully collected 178 offspring from 27 females and assigned paternity to
173 offspring (97%). The prevalence of female multiple mating should inform future sexual
selection considerations in the species.
About 3 pages – summary this article
Part II. The Written Report (50 points)
Written Report Format (see also Guidelines for written reports):
Length: Three pages (#¼ page), not including bibliography and diagrams.
Cover: No report cover, binder, or separate title page.
Title: In your own words, not the title of the article (you didn’t write that; someone else
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did.)
Content: In 3 pages, you cannot thoroughly review all of the details in a full research paper.
Instead, you will focus on 1 or 2 of the experiments executed by the authors of the article.
In your paper explain the article including the introduction, methodology, results, and discussion,
including the most important finding of your source article. You may need to include graphs to
do this. Attach graphs on separate pages and reference them in the format of the journal. The
idea behind this part of the assignment is to demonstrate your comprehension of the article by
summarizing the most important parts of it.
Writing: The paper must be written in your own words in the third person. Summary of the
materials and methods section of the paper are in the past tense. With some exceptions, other
sections are in the present tense. Do not simply paraphrase or quote the authors(s) of your source
article. The sentences in your paper must be written by you. If you don’t understand an article
well enough to discuss it in your own words you can visit me during office hours or during lab,
and I can address any questions you might have about your paper. Quotes from the article are not
acceptable. If any sentence or portion of a sentence has been simply copied from the article, I
will stop grading your paper immediately and score it a zero.
Any quotes from the article, even properly done, will be ignored and not considered part of your
paper.
Attach a paf copy of the article as a comment when you submit your paper on Canvas.
Bibliography: For your source article and for any other sources that you may also have used,
provide a full bibliographic reference at the end of your written report. Use the bibliographic
format included in the handout, “Guidelines for Written Assignments.” Keep in mind that there is
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no requirement for you to do research beyond your source article unless you chose to do so to
achieve a better comprehension of its topic.
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Bibliography
Johnson, M. A., Kamath, A., Kirby, R., Fresquez, C. C., Wang, S., Stehle, C. M., Templeton, A.
R., & Losos, J. B. (2021, June 2). What Determines Paternity in Wild Lizards? A Spatiotemporal
Analysis of Behavior and Morphology. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 61(2), 634–642.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab115.
According to France, Weikel & Kish (2006), clients in helping relationships make progress when they feel understood and actively work toward goals they value. A vast body of research suggests that regardless of whom clients work with, they feel a strong bond with the human services provider if they are involved in their healing process. The human services profession is meant to meet client needs in myriad ways. Human services providers must possess sufficient knowledge to prevent and remediate human services problems. Besides, human services providers should be committed to improving the quality of the services populations they serve.
Human services providers must commit to specific predetermined roles and responsibilities to meet the needs of individual, group, and community clients. The nature of these roles and responsibilities necessitates applying empathy to meet clients needs, build trust, and understand their problems precisely (France, Weikel & Kish, 2006). All human services providers, from the advocate, administrator, and evaluator, must commit to meeting client needs through empathy. Applying empathy will help human services providers meet the specific needs of the populations they serve since people from different geographical areas have diverse needs.
A fundamental expression of empathy is the complete understanding of a clients needs without bias. Human services providers meet with clients one-on-one; thus, the latter must show clients that they have understood their problems without judgment (Bayne, Pusateri & Dean, 2012). A positive application of empathy is required instead of subtractive empathy, which results in adverse outcomes. A human services provider needs to show that they have understood client needs superficially. They must also show they have understood such problems beyond what a client could express orally. Achieving an understanding that exceeds the clients expression is additive empathy. Additive empathy helps clients attain new ways of thinking about issues, a positive step toward their therapeutic recovery.
Often, empathy is regarded as being core to mental health treatment since it helps mental health professionals create a relationship rapport and therapeutic alliance. As a result, clients attain positive outcomes of mental health treatment. Well-documented research proves that incorporating empathy on top of traditional therapeutic modalities helps clients achieve better care outcomes. Positive empathy helps reduce client insecurities and anxiety; hence, they own up to their problems and commit to positive change.
According to Bayne, Pusateri & Dean (2012), the application of empathy in human services is different from its application in counseling and therapeutic services. In counseling and therapeutic services, empathy is meant to drive therapeutic outcomes. However, compassion is intended to build a relationship between the service provider and the client in the human services profession. Being empathetic helps the human services professional acquire information from the client by making them feel accepted. Essentially, one ought to be in the clients shoes to understand why they act the way they do. Failure to do this can only make clients insecure about sharing crucial information.
Furthermore, the importance of expressing warmth during the provision of human services cannot be overstated. The human services professional must connect personally with the client and not just attend to them to fulfill their roles as human services providers. Besides, warmth requires the service provider to communicate the clients feelings emotionally (Peterson, 2015). That will allow clients to discuss their issues introspectively without asking many questions.
Peterson (2015) emphasizes the importance of warmth in client-human services provider relationships by emphasizing the importance of the listeners role to get the talkers side of the story, irrespective of the current emotions. That means that human services providers should remain objective, regardless of the feelings that may rent the air when clients express their problems. For instance, when clients start crying when narrating their stories, it would be prudent to hand them a handkerchief instead of asking them lots of questions. I am quite sensitive to peoples warmth or lack thereof. For instance, If I visit someone and they offer me a cup of coffee or offer their arms for a hearty hug, I usually feel welcomed and a sense of warmth.
Even the bible emphasizes empathy among the bereaved or victims of the tragedy. According to John 1:35, Jesus wept. The verse refers to the moment when Jesus was about to visit Lazarus home. He found the family of the late Lazarus crying, and he joined them. Jesus knew that it was a matter of minutes before resurrecting Lazarus but still did not turn a blind eye to the mourners. Jesus never tried to scold them out of their lack of faith or even dismiss them. Instead, He was touched when he saw people mourning and joined along.
Moreover, genuineness in the human services profession also matters. Essentially, being genuine is all about being concerned about the other party without any sense of hypocrisy (Peterson, 2015). A human services professional must be competent enough to express their true feelings without showing any sense of hypocrisy. I think genuineness cannot be faked since it comes out of the heart.
In conclusion, I think warmth, genuineness, and empathy are critical elements for creating an effective therapeutic process in the human services field. Applying these essential attributes helps attain cooperation from the person under treatment, speeding their healing process. These vital communication components help drive satisfaction for the client by making them feel engaged in information delivery. In the long run, the three components play an important role in a clients healing process by offering therapeutic communication and being the best indicators of how clients may react to a planned therapeutic process by human services providers.
Bayne, H. B., Pusateri, C., & Dean-Nganga, L. (2012). The use of empathy in human services: Strategies for diverse professional roles. Journal of Human Services, 32(1).
France, K., Weikel, K., & Kish, M. (2006). Helping skills for human service workers: Building relationships and encouraging productive change. Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas.
Petersen, J. (2007). Why Dont We Listen Better?: Communicating & Connecting in Relationships. James C. Petersen.
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REFLECTION PAPER ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS
OVERVIEW
The goal of reflective writing is to interact with and integrate new information and apply it to what you already know and practice, thereby achieving personal growth.
Therapeutic Communication
You will write a total of four reflection papers in this course. Each paper has a specific topic. All four papers have the same basic purpose, structure, and format. Each paper must maintain a good balance between 1) examination and discussion of relevant course materials on the topic and 2) self-reflection on how these phenomena play out in your own interpersonal communication contexts.
Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms. These diverse microorganisms include fungi, bacteria, viruses, unicellular eukaryotes, and multicellular eukaryotes (Balloux & Van Dorp, 2017). All living organisms are affected by pathogens, such as bacteria targeted by phages (Balloux & Van Dorp, 2017). Plasmodium spp is a parasite that causes Malaria.
Light microscopy of thin and thick stained blood smears is the standard method for malaria diagnosis. This method involves collecting a blood sear, staining with Romanowsky stains, and examining the erythrocytes for intracellular Plasmodium spp (Shad, 2019). Malaria culture is the method used to grow Plasmodium spp in vivo. This method involves incubating erythrocytes in a culture dish at 37 °C with a plasma serum and nutrient medium (Shad, 2019). A gas mixture of carbon dioxide and Oxygen allows the parasite to grow in a cell incubator (Shad, 2019). A blood film light microscopy can then determine the number of parasites. The non-culture methods for Plasmodium spp are serology tests. These tests detect antibodies against Plasmodium using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Moreno et al., 2019).
Plasmids are DNA genetic elements in the bacterial cell cytoplasm (Al Doghaither & Gull, 2019). Plasmids can reproduce independently (Al Doghaither & Gull, 2019). Plasmids are utilized in genetic engineering to amply certain genes. They are used in gene therapy to transfer genes to bacterial cells to enhance the resistance to diseases or other traits. The independent replication of the plasmid in the bacteria makes it possible to produce many copies in the recombinant DNA (Al Doghaither & Gull, 2019). This allows for experimental manipulation, such as the production of insulin in large amounts and gene therapy to correct defective genes.
There are two main categories of pathogenes, obligative and facultative, which depend on their life cycle in the host. Facultative pathogenes use the host for replicative processes, but this is not the only niche they can use. They are primarily fungi and environmental bacteria that cause infections (Balloux & Van Dorp, 2017). Facultative pathogens are problematic and are involved in antimicrobial resistance. On the other hand, obligate pathogens require the host to complete their life cycle (Balloux & Van Dorp, 2017). This is their only niche. All viral pathogens are obligate since they depend on the hosts cellular machinery for reproduction. Some obligate pathogens bacteria include Treponema pallidum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Balloux & Van Dorp, 2017).
Microbial virulence factors include many molecules produced by pathogens, which enhance their ability to evade the hosts defense systems, resulting in disease. The virulence factors include enzymes, toxins, exopolysaccharides, cell surface structures, glycoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, and capsules (Leitão, 2020). Other virulence factors include alterations in metabolic regulatory frameworks modulated by regulatory RNAs and protein sensors (Leitão, 2020). In addition, some microbial molecules can enter the host cells, manipulating their machinery, which results in infection (Leitão, 2020). Virulence factors are essential in public health. Pathogens have many virulence factors that thrive within their hosts, resulting in disease. Molecular knowledge of these factors can be necessary for developing strategies to manage infectious conditions.
Malaria prevention strategies include preventing mosquito bites by using repellants and mosquito nets (Talapko et al., 2019). Currently, there is no approved vaccine for Malaria. However, antimalarial medications are available for prophylaxis, especially for patients at risk of getting Malaria (Talapko et al., 2019). The same antimicrobials used for malaria prevention are used in treatment. They include quinine, artemether-lumefantrine, and proguanil (Talapko et al., 2019)
Al Doghaither, H., & Gull, M. (2019). Plasmids as genetic tools and their applications in ecology and evolution. Plasmid. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85705
Balloux, F., & Van Dorp, L. (2017). Q&A: What are pathogens, and what have they done to and for us? BMC Biology, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0433-z
Leitão J. H. (2020). Microbial Virulence Factors. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(15), 5320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155320
Moreno, Y. R., Donato, S. T., Nogueira, F., & Silva, M. S. (2019). Comparative analysis of the serological reactivity of individuals with a clinical history of Malaria using two different ELISA tests. Diagnostics, 9(4), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040168
Shad, A. A. (2019). Clinical microbiology made ridiculously simple: A book review. The Open Microbiology Journal, 13(1), 200-201. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801913010200
Talapko, J., krlec, I., Alebi?, T., Juki?, M., & V?ev, A. (2019). Malaria: The Past and the Present. Microorganisms, 7(6), 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7060179
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Pathogens and Health
Write an essay that analyzes The role of any chosen pathogen in human health and disease and public health.
Using the knowledge you have gained throughout this course, your final paper must include the following:
Appropriate microscopic, cultivation, and non-cultivation methods for the chosen pathogen
Importance of plasmids in bacterial genetics and genetic engineering
Human/microbe relationships
Analysis of the virulence factors of microorganisms (including public health importance)
Prevention and treatment strategies
Infectious diseases still present considerable management challenges to healthcare systems globally. Infectious diseases impact healthcare systems disproportionately, with lower-income countries being more vulnerable to the impacts of these diseases than developed countries. With the increasing emergence of novel infectious pathogens that can cause widespread morbidity and mortality, as seen in pandemics and outbreaks, the world is staring at yet other public health threats that may cause immense global disruptions. Emerging infectious diseases such as the recent COVID-19 are growing public health concerns that present considerable challenges to health care systems. Understanding the transmission pattern of these diseases and causal factors may enable the establishment of a framework to combat these infectious diseases.
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections that people develop when they are in contact with healthcare services in various care facilities. Healthcare professionals are essential in preventing and controlling these infections. Healthcare professionals can utilize several strategies to prevent HAIs. As health educators and advocates, healthcare professionals can effectively minimize HAIs attributable to patient care variables such as antibiotic and invasive medical device use. Healthcare professionals can educate patients on appropriate antibiotic use to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance and the subsequent emergence of superbugs. Healthcare professionals should also comply with the standard sterile techniques when performing invasive procedures on patients. Through patient engagement and education, healthcare professionals can also ensure that their patients adhere to proper hygiene standards such as handwashing (Bearman et al., 2019). These preventive measures by healthcare professionals are pivotal in minimizing the spread of HAIs.
The CDC outlines standard precautions and guidelines for preventing and controlling infectious diseases. These include handwashing, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene, the safety of sharp instruments used for medical procedures, safe injection practices, sterile instruments, and devices, and cleanliness of the environment in which healthcare procedures are performed (Standard Precautions, 2022). Hand hygiene is the most superior measure for preventing and controlling infectious diseases. Handwashing with clean running water and soap is recommended for all patients and healthcare professionals in healthcare facilities. Alcohol-based hand rub may also maintain effectiveness in hand hygiene.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as face masks and gloves minimizes exposure to infectious pathogens. PPE maintains significance in breaking the chain of transmission of infectious diseases. Their use has been emphasized in infectious disease outbreaks. Cough etiquette remains an important respiratory hygiene that protects individuals from respiratory infections. Sharp safety minimizes percutaneous injuries and prevents the transmission of blood-borne pathogens. Safe injection practices detail all interventions necessary for ensuring compliance with sterile injection techniques and preventing the transmission of infectious diseases across patients. Environmental cleanliness entails cleaning the environment in which medical procedures are performed. Essentially, it reduces the contamination of surfaces and ensures that medical procedures are carried out safely.
Infections spread within communities in several ways. Infections spread via droplets, direct contact, and transplacental (van Deventer & Hochberg, 2018). Droplet transmission occurs when an individual sneezes, coughs, or talks. Infectious agents are often contained in these droplets, and transmission occurs when these droplets come into contact with the mucosal membranes of a susceptible host. Most respiratory infections spread via droplet transmission. Infectious diseases that can be spread via droplet transmission include viral infections such as influenza and COVID-19 and bacterial infections such as tuberculosis. Infections transmitted by droplet transmission can be slowed or stopped by practicing good respiratory hygiene as cough etiquette, wearing face masks, and minimizing overcrowding. Cough etiquette and face masks prevent the escape of droplets containing infectious pathogens into the air, thus reducing their spread (van Deventer & Hochberg, 2018). Overcrowding, as seen in refugee camps and institutions of incarceration, accelerates the spread of infectious diseases. Reducing overcrowding slows the spread of infectious diseases.
Direct contact transmission occurs when a susceptible host directly contacts infectious pathogens. This can be via inhalation of the pathogen as seen in histoplasmosis or through broken skin as seen in tetanus. Direct contact transmission can be slowed by wearing masks when in proximity to persons infected with pathogens that can be transmitted via inhalation. Putting on a pair of shoes can also prevent an individual from being pierced by sharp objects on the ground that can predispose them to infections. Disinfection of injured areas on the skin can also prevent the transmission of these infections.
Transplacental transmission is a mother-to-child transmission that occurs during pregnancy. This mode of transmission is common in certain infections such as HIV/AIDS, Toxoplasma gondii, and Zika virus. This can be slowed by aggressive treatment of the mother during pregnancy to reduce the pathogen load on the mother (van Deventer & Hochberg, 2018). Careful management of the infant after birth can also reduce the transmission of these diseases.
Environment plays a significant role in infectious disease spread. The human environment can affect pathogen virulence, survival, abundance, and the hosts susceptibility to these pathogens (Lo Iacono & Nichols, 2018). Pathogen abundance and survival are influenced by environmental factors that promote microbial growth, such as temperature, pH, and availability of growth media. This is the case with dirty surfaces and untreated water. Individuals exposed to dirty water and environment become susceptible to infectious pathogens that thrive in such environments. Practicing basic environmental hygiene can drastically reduce infection with these pathogens. Cleaning and disinfection of surfaces eliminate a large proportion of microbes. These methods are important as they eliminate pathogens from the environment that would have otherwise caused the disease to man. In addition, disinfection of water used for cooking and drinking can also reduce the number of microbes, making it safe for human use. Water disinfection is important for eliminating water-borne infectious pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae. Further, clearing vegetation that acts as a breeding ground for vectors carrying microbial pathogens can also significantly reduce the population of these infectious pathogens. Notably, these strategies have remained vital public health measures for minimizing infectious diseases.
Cold/flu-like symptoms are common presentations in primary healthcare and often indicate upper respiratory infections. The precautions I will take if a patient presents with cold/flu-like symptoms include asking them to maintain social distancing, wear a face mask, wash their hands with soap and running water, or use an alcohol-based hand rub. Respiratory infections are mainly transmitted via droplet transmission. Public health strategies such as wearing face masks and social distancing can prevent droplets when talking, sneezing, and coughing from reaching a susceptible host.
For a patient with a viral infection requesting an antibiotic, the best response is to educate them on rational antibiotic use. In this regard, I will explain to them that the infection they have is caused by a virus and that antibiotics will not be effective in treating them. I will also explain to them that antibiotics are medications that are effective only against bacteria and not viruses, and there is no need to treat viral infections with antibiotics. Additionally, I will explain to them that irrational use of antibiotics can lead to antibacterial-resistant strains of bacteria that are not easy to treat and are expensive to manage (Llor & Bjerrum, 2018). It is therefore important that they do not take antibiotics for viral infections.
Infectious diseases remain a concern to public health. Understanding the transmission pattern of these diseases and causative factors is necessary for their management. Infection prevention and control focuses on measures that effectively minimize the spread of these infections within communities. Healthcare professionals play a vital role in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections. Of importance in infection control and prevention is the understanding of environmental factors contributing to the spread of these infections and how they can be modified to minimize spread.
Bearman, G., Doll, M., Cooper, K., & Stevens, M. (2019). Hospital Infection Prevention: How Much Can We Prevent and How Hard Should We Try?. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-019-0660-2
Llor, C., & Bjerrum, L. (2018). Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem. Therapeutic Advances In Drug Safety, 5(6), 229-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098614554919
Lo Iacono, G., & Nichols, G. (2018). Modeling the Impact of Environment on Infectious Diseases. Oxford Research Encyclopedia Of Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.339
Standard Precautions. CDC.gov. (2022). Retrieved 2 July 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/infectioncontrol/summary-infection-prevention-practices/standard-precautions.html.
van Seventer, J., & Hochberg, N. (2018). Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control. International Encyclopedia Of Public Health, 22-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6
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This week you have learned about the key factors in preventing the spread of infection, the differences in bacterial and viral infections, the importance of the correct use of antibiotics, and the role of the healthcare professional in these scenarios.
M2 Assignment
For the assignment this week you will write a 1500-1750 word essay that addresses the following prompts:
Reflect on the impact the healthcare professional has on preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Discuss the standard precaution guidelines that should be followed for infection control and prevention.
Describe three ways an infection might spread within a community setting. How could these infections be slowed or stopped?
Explain how the environment impacts the growth and spread of microbes. How can environments be controlled or altered to decrease the growth of microbes? Include at least three elements of the environment that can be controlled. Why is this important in preventing HAIs?
If a patient presents with cold/flu-like symptoms, what precautions should you take to prevent the spread? For this patient, the lab work determines a viral infection. The patient is adamant they are in need of antibiotic treatment. Explain how you would respond to this patients request.
Assignment Expectations
Length: 1500 1750 words; answers must thoroughly address the questions in a clear, concise manner.
Structure: Include a title page and reference page in APA style. These do not count towards the minimum word count for this assignment.
References: Use the appropriate APA style in-text citations and references for all resources utilized to answer the questions. Include at least three (3) scholarly sources to support your claims.
Format: Save your assignment as a Microsoft Word document (.doc or .docx).
File name: Name your saved file according to your first initial, last name, and the assignment number (for example, RHall Assignment 1.docx)
M2 Assignment UMBO 1, 2, 3, 4
M2 Assignment PLG 7
M2 Assignment CLO 6
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms that have been transformed to harbor desirable traits through genetic engineering techniques. Genetic engineering (GE) transfers desirable genomic features from unrelated organisms, usually microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria, into target organisms such as crops like maize or animals like sheep (Teferra, 2021). To modify the target organism, a number of molecular tools are required to express the desirable characteristics. These include genetic transfer methods, cloning vectors facilitating gene transfer, promoters, and selectable markers. A common hereditary transfer method is transformation. In this process, target DNA uptake by microorganisms occurs naturally. Promoters are DNA segments that regulate the expression of genes. They are selected to optimize the desired genes at a specific level of expression. Selectable markers, on the other hand, are proteins with antibiotic resistance. They are used for the identification of transformed clones.
Agricultural industries that are dependent on natural resources face the challenges of water shortage, reduced land, soil erosion, and harsh climatic conditions, which in turn result in short supplies of products. Consequently, genetic engineering presents new opportunities to improve plant production in various ways. These include the production of crops with characteristics such as enhanced insect activity like insect pollination, drought tolerance, herbicide resistance, viral infection tolerance, insect resistance, altered flowering, improved ripening, and enhanced nutritional value. Additionally, plants are genetically modified to express extended shelf-life, facilitating the transportation of perishable crops across the globe. Popular genetically modified crops include Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton, which is resistant to herbicides, papayas with viral immune traits, and tomatoes with delayed ripening.
Genetic modification of plants follows a sequence of procedures: selection, isolation of target genes, cutting with restriction enzymes, vector transformation, the transformation of host cells, cloning, screening, amplification, modification of the target plant cells, screening, storage, and propagation of the transformed plant. Firstly, the gene of interest (pesticide resistance gene) is selected and isolated from a foreign living organism like Bacillus thuringiensis. Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA sequences of the isolated gene at specific locations. Then, enzyme ligase is introduced to join the target DNA (T-DNA) to the plasmid vectors. The transformed plasmid vectors are put into selected host cells (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) to facilitate the transfer of the T-DNA.
T-DNA can be delivered into the host cells through electroporation, a technique that utilizes electric pulses to facilitate the uptake of DNA through the cell membrane. The transformed host cells are then cloned and screened through procedures like nucleic acid hybridization to ensure that they carry the T-DNA. The transformed cells are then amplified to produce many copies that are transferred into the target plant cells. Finally, the modified plant cells are stored and propagated for commercial purposes. Common foods containing GMOs include zucchini, papayas, oranges, wheat flour, sugar, and canola oil.
Most consumers are concerned about GMOs and their effect on human health. Zheng & Wang (2021) state that there is no scientific evidence on the long-term impacts of GMOs on human health. Besides that, GMOs have beneficial characteristics such as additional nutritional value and allergen-free foods. Applications of GE technology include the removal of allergens from foods for safer consumption. GE has been successful in the removal of ?-amylase inhibitors, which are major allergens in rice (Shewry & Jones, 2007). Also, improving the nutritional value of foods can be achieved through GE technology. For instance, GE has been applied to incorporate ferritin (iron storage gene) into plants like maize, peas, soybeans, and French beans to increase their iron content (Bouis et al., 2003).
According to the Food and Drug Administration, GM foods to be treated as conventional food products must pass all the food safety tests before they are released for commercial use. For instance, their nutritional value should not be lowered, their modification should only involve substances in the existing human diet, and they should not cause new allergies (Huffman & McCluskey, 2014). The food safety procedures are conducted by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the European Commission (EC), and the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health, which either approves or rejects GM food (Twardowski and Ma?yska, 2015). In the United States, aspects of GMOs are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Regulations for GMOs include the labeling of products. Governments set up labeling rules primarily to inform consumers about their food. Following the announcement by USDA in 2018, foods containing more than 5% GMO ingredients should be labeled as genetically modified food. FDA also maintains that GM labeling should be applied in cases where the GM food product differs from its natural counterparts by posing risks to human health. In the European Union, manufacturers are required to label products with more than 0.9% of EU-approved GM material.
Furthermore, in some countries, GMO labeling is mandatory and voluntary in other countries. In China, for example, GM labeling is compulsory. The government requires tomatoes, rapeseed, cotton, corn, and soybeans to be labeled with GMO content. The other types of crops not included are voluntarily labeled or not labeled (Zheng & Wang, 2021).
Genetically engineered organisms are created through genetic engineering techniques. A plant or animal is modified by incorporating the gene of interest into the organism, making it more desirable. The purpose of genetic engineering in agriculture is to produce plants with advantageous traits such as improved flowering, improved ripening, herbicide resistance, pesticide resistance, drought tolerance, viral resistance, and prolonged shelf-life. GMO foods are safe for human consumption. They present new opportunities for improving human health. For instance, women with iron deficiency can rely on GM soybeans with additional iron content. Additionally, the government has set regulations concerning GM foods through the FDA, USDA, and EPA organizations. These organizations ensure that GM foods are safe for human consumption before being released for commercial use.
Bouis, H., Chassy, B., & Ochanda, J. (2003). 2. Genetically modified food crops and their contribution to human nutrition and food quality. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 14(5-8), 196-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-2244(03)00073-6
Huffman, W., & McCluskey, J. (2014). Labeling of genetically modified foods. Handbook on Agriculture, Biotechnology and Development, 467-487. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857938350.00036
Parekh, S. (2004). The GMO handbook. Humana Press.
Shewry, P., & Jones, H. (2007). Developing allergen-free foods by genetic manipulation. Managing Allergens in Food, 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845692278.2.147
Teferra, T. (2021). Should we still worry about the safety of GMO foods? Why and why not? A review. Food Science & Nutrition, 9(9), 5324-5331. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2499
Zheng, Q., & Wang, H. (2021). Do Consumers View the Genetically Modified Food Labeling Systems Differently? Contains GMO Versus Non-GMO Labels. The Chinese Economy, 54(6), 376-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2021.1890356
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Question
Recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems, make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations, weigh the evidence, and make decisions based on the strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge. The scientific method uses knowledge of biological principles, the scientific method, and appropriate technologies to ask relevant questions, develop hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, interpret results, and draw conclusions.
Genetically Modified Organisms
Find at least three reliable information sources related to your chosen topic.
Write a paper with a title page, introduction, several paragraphs addressing the questions, conclusion, and references. You must write in your own words and paraphrase information from the selected information sources, addressing each of the questions for your chosen topic. Your paper should consist of less than 10% direct quotes. Your paper should be 750-1500 words, excluding references and a title page.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs). A friend tells you that she avoids foods containing GMOs because they are unhealthy. You decide to use the knowledge gained from your biology class and some additional research to form your own opinion on GMOs. Answer the following questions backed up by reliable information sources.
What is the purpose of genetic engineering of crop plants? Include at least two specific examples of commonly grown GMO crops. How are GMOs created? Use the provided course materials and make a connection to the central dogma of molecular biology in your explanation. Which foods in your supermarket contain GMOs? Are foods that contain GMOs safe for human consumption? What types of regulations exist for these foods? Clearly explain your reasoning for each answer in your paper and conclude whether or not you agree with your friend.
Write a lab report on Lab#7 Cell Membranes/Physical Stress on Beet Cell Membranes. The lab is done as you will find it in the files along with the lab report requirements. Please use reference to the book as I will leave the name and link on the files as well.
This assignment will enhance your analytical, critical thinking, and collaborative skills by examining a real-world case study. Please engage in group discussions to explore various aspects of the case below and then individually articulate your answers to the questions following the cast study.
College sophomore Nadia is a star point guard for her school’s basketball team. She is excited about the divisional finals Friday night—she’s even heard rumors that a professional scout will be in the stands. On Thursday morning, she wakes up with a sore throat. Her forehead doesn’t feel warm, so she forces herself to attend her Thursday classes; but when she wakes up on Friday morning, her throat is noticeably worse. Still, she forces herself to attend Friday morning class but feels tired and much worse by noon. It is downright painful to swallow, and she skips lunch.
Nearly crying, she heads back to the dorm and checks her temperature— 101°F. Desperate, she walks to the student health center, where a nurse practitioner notices white patches on the back of Nadia’s throat and on her tonsils. The divisional basketball game starts in six hours, but it only takes a few minutes for the nurse practitioner to perform a rapid streptococcal antigen test and determine that Nadia has streptococcal, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), pharyngitis—strep throat. She will miss the big game.
Strep throat is caused by an encapsulated, Gram-positive bacterium, Streptococcus pyogenes. The only good news is that by taking the prescribed penicillin, Nadia should be ready for her next big game—hopefully, the quarterfinals.
