Write a lab report on Lab#7 Cell Membranes/Physical Stress on Beet Cell Membranes. The lab is done as you will find it in the files along with the lab report requirements. Please use reference to the book as I will leave the name and link on the files as well.
This assignment will enhance your analytical, critical thinking, and collaborative skills by examining a real-world case study. Please engage in group discussions to explore various aspects of the case below and then individually articulate your answers to the questions following the cast study.
College sophomore Nadia is a star point guard for her school’s basketball team. She is excited about the divisional finals Friday night—she’s even heard rumors that a professional scout will be in the stands. On Thursday morning, she wakes up with a sore throat. Her forehead doesn’t feel warm, so she forces herself to attend her Thursday classes; but when she wakes up on Friday morning, her throat is noticeably worse. Still, she forces herself to attend Friday morning class but feels tired and much worse by noon. It is downright painful to swallow, and she skips lunch.
Nearly crying, she heads back to the dorm and checks her temperature— 101°F. Desperate, she walks to the student health center, where a nurse practitioner notices white patches on the back of Nadia’s throat and on her tonsils. The divisional basketball game starts in six hours, but it only takes a few minutes for the nurse practitioner to perform a rapid streptococcal antigen test and determine that Nadia has streptococcal, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), pharyngitis—strep throat. She will miss the big game.
Strep throat is caused by an encapsulated, Gram-positive bacterium, Streptococcus pyogenes. The only good news is that by taking the prescribed penicillin, Nadia should be ready for her next big game—hopefully, the quarterfinals.
1. Do a search online 1-2 antibiotics that affect Gram-positive bacteria and list them. On what part of the cell do the antibiotics usually work? List one or two antibiotics that affect Gram-negative bacteria? On what part of the cell do the antibiotics usually work? (Be sure to cite your sources in your answer.) (5 points)
2. Why do you think it is important to identify a bacterial disease in a patient before prescribing any antibiotic treatments? (Be specific.) (5 points)
3. What are some of the limitations of simple staining? (5 points)
4. Give an example of a situation in a lab or medical setting in which simple staining would be utilized. (5 points)
5. So far in this lab, you have used one type of simple stain(Crystal violet) and one type of negative stain (Nigrosin), yet there are many other simple and negative dyes available. Pick one simple dye and one negative dye, and discuss how those dyes differ from the ones you used in this lab. Give a scenario in which their use would be appropriate. (5 points)
6. Using either a textbook or a reputable online resource, research some of the typical characteristics of bacteria, and discuss why it might be important for a researcher or a hospital technician to be able to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. (5 points)
Tube Sample Lane
1 1 kb DNA ladder 1
2 Mother’s DNA 2
3 Child’s DNA 3
4 A.F. #1 DNA 4
5 A.F. #2 DNA 5
Record the distance each ladder band moved from the well in mm along with the size of the DNA fragments in that band in bp units, based on the bp given in step 19 , in your Lab Notes.
Lane 1:
1,000 bp 34 mm
900 bp 36 mm
800 bp 38 mm
700 bp 40 mm
600 bp 43 mm
500 bp 47 mm
400 bp 51 mm
300 bp 56 mm
250 bp 60 mm
200 bp 64 mm
150 bp 69 mm
100 bp 77 mm
50 bp 90 mm
Lane 2:
37 mm 850bp
59 mm 265bp
Lane 3:
37 mm 850bp
44 mm 575bp
Lane 4:
41 mm 670bp
43 mm 600bp
Lane 5:
44 mm 575bp
55 mm 320bp
| DNA Ladder | |
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| Band | Distance (mm) |
| 50 bp | 90 mm |
| 100 bp | 77 mm |
| 150 bp | 69 mm |
| 200 bp | 64 mm |
| 250 bp | 60 mm |
| 300 bp | 56 mm |
| 400 bp | 51 mm |
| 500 bp | 47 mm |
| 600 bp | 43 mm |
| 700 bp | 40 mm |
| 800 bp | 38 mm |
| 900 bp | 36 mm |
| 1,000 bp | 34 mm |
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DNA has genetic information that controls our cells. So, DNA is like a blueprint that shows how to construct components of cells like proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA). This information is carried down to newer generations through inheritance. |
| In order to make DNA visible. The Gel has to be soaked in a dye (ethidium bromide) to bind with the DNA and rinsed off after. Ethidium bromide helps to make DNA visible by glowing brightly in UV rays. |
| Lane 4,5 (two suspected criniminals) |
Please note that I already have all the answers to this lab and the only thing I need is the PICTURES to go with it. I will not adjust the price of this post. Thank you!
I do not have my lab kit as yet and so the MICROSCOPE is what I do not have, so again all I need is the answers to the questions related to the pictures. I need the pictures of the magnified letter. PLEASE DO NOT GOOGLE THIS AND USE THEM, I WILL KNOW!!!!
Lab Reports:
You need to write:
1. Background
2. Procedure- can be in paragraph or step by step format.
3. Answer the Questions at the end.
This contains 100% correct material for UMUC Biology 103 LAB03. However, this is an Answer Key, which means, you should put it in your own words. Here is a sample for the Pre lab questions answered:
Pre-Lab Questions
1. Identify the major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (2 pts)
Prokaryotes tend to be less complex than eukaryotic cells, with fewer organelles and (generally) fewer requirements for survival. Eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have DNA, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm.
2. Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryotic cell? (2 pts)
DNA is housed in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, and thus DNA exists freely in the cytoplasm.
3. Identify three structures which provide support and protection in a eukaryotic cell. (2 pts)
The cell membrane, the cytoplasm, and the cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments, etc.).
The rest of the questions are answered as well:
Experiment 1: Cell Structure and Function
Post-Lab Questions
1. Label each of the arrows in the following slide image:
2. What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
3. Would an animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not?
4. What could you determine about a specimen if you observed a slide image showing the specimen with a cell wall, but no nucleus or mitochondria?
5. Hypothesize why parts of a plant, such as the leaves, are green, but other parts, such as the roots, are not. Use scientific reasoning to support your hypothesis.
Experiment 2: Osmosis – Direction and Concentration Gradients
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 3: Sucrose Concentration vs. Tubing Permeability
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Band Color |
Sucrose % |
Initial Volume (mL) |
Final Volume (mL) |
Net Displacement (mL) |
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Yellow |
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Red |
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Blue |
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Green |
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Hypothesis:
Post-Lab Questions
1. For each of the tubing pieces, identify whether the solution inside was hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic in comparison to the beaker solution in which it was placed.
2. Which tubing increased the most in volume? Explain why this happened.
3. What do the results of this experiment this tell you about the relative tonicity between the contents of the tubing and the solution in the beaker?
4. What would happen if the tubing with the yellow band was placed in a beaker of distilled water?
5. How are excess salts that accumulate in cells transferred to the blood stream so they can be removed from the body? Be sure to explain how this process works in terms of tonicity.
6. If you wanted water to flow out of a tubing piece filled with a 50% solution, what would the minimum concentration of the beaker solution need to be? Explain your answer using scientific evidence.
7. How is this experiment similar to the way a cell membrane works in the body? How is it different? Be specific with your response.
UMUC Biology 102/103
Lab 4: Enzymes
Pre-Lab Questions
Experiment 1: Enzymes in Food
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 1: Substance vs. Starch Presence
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Table 1: Substance vs. Starch Presence |
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Substance |
Resulting Color |
Presence of Starch? |
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Positive Control: Ginger Root |
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Negative Control: Student Must Select |
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Food Product: |
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Food Product: |
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Saliva: |
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Post-Lab Questions
What were your controls for this experiment? What did they demonstrate? Why was saliva included in this experiment?
What is the function of amylase? What does amylase do to starch?
Which of the foods that you tested contained amylase? Which did not? What experimental evidence supports your claim?
Saliva does not contain amylase until babies are two months old. How could this affect an infant’s digestive requirements?
There is another digestive enzyme (other than salivary amylase) that is secreted by the salivary glands. Research to determine what this enzyme is called. What substrate does it act on? Where in the body does it become activated, and why?
Digestive enzymes in the gut include proteases, which digest proteins. Why don’t these enzymes digest the stomach and small intestine, which are partially composed of protein?
Experiment 2: Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 2: Balloon Circumference vs. Temperature
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Table 2: Balloon Circumference vs. Temperature |
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Tube |
Temperature (°C) |
Uninflated Balloon Circumference (cm) |
Final Balloon Circumference (cm) |
Difference in Balloon Circumference (cm) |
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1 – (Cold) |
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2 – (RT) |
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3 – (Hot) |
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Post-Lab Questions
What reaction is being catalyzed in this experiment?
What is the enzyme in this experiment? What is the substrate?
What is the independent variable in this experiment? What is the dependent variable?
How does the temperature affect enzyme function? Use evidence from your data to support your answer.
Draw a graph of balloon diameter vs. temperature. What is the correlation?
Is there a negative control in this experiment? If yes, identify the control. If no, suggest how you could revise the experiment to include a negative control.
In general, how would an increase in substrate alter enzyme activity? Draw a graph to illustrate this relationship.
Design an experiment to determine the optimal temperature for enzyme function, complete with controls. Where would you find the enzymes for this experiment? What substrate would you use?
This is the correct material for UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 2: The Chemistry of Life. However, this is an Answer Key, which means, you should put it in your own words. Here are the questions that will be answered. Attached is the lab that is fully completed when purchased. Enjoy!
Pre-Lab Questions
1. Nitrogen fixation is a natural process by which inert or unreactive forms of nitrogen are transformed into usable nitrogen. Why is this process important to life?
2. Given what you have learned about the hydrogen bonding shared between nucleic acids in DNA, which pair is more stable under increasing heat: adenine and thymine, or cytosine and guanine? Explain why.
3. Which of the following is not an organic molecule; Methane (CH4), Fructose(C6H12O6), Rosane (C20H36), or Ammonia (NH3)? How do you know?
Experiment 1: Testing for Proteins
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 1: A Priori Predictions
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Sample |
Initial Color |
Final Color |
Is Protein Present? |
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1. Albumin Solution |
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2. Gelatin Solution |
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3. Glucose |
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4. Water |
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5. Unknown |
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Sample |
Initial Color |
Final Color |
Is Protein Present? |
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1. Albumin Solution |
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2. Gelatin Solution |
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3. Glucose |
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4. Water |
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5. Unknown |
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Table 2: Testing for Proteins Results
Post-Lab Questions
1. Write a statement to explain the molecular composition of the unknown solution based on the results obtained during testing with each reagent.
2. How did your a priori predictions from Table 1 compare to your actual results in Table 2? If there were any inconsistencies, explain why this occurred.
3. Identify the positive and negative controls used in this experiment. Explain how each of these controls are used, and why they are necessary to validate the experimental results.
4. Identify two regions which proteins are vital components in the human body. Why are they important to these regions?
5. Diet and nutrition are closely linked to the study of biomolecules. Describe one method by which you could monitor your food intake to ensure the cells in your body have the materials necessary to function.
Experiment 2: Testing for Reducing Sugars
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 3: Testing for Reducing Sugars Results
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Sample |
Initial Color |
Final Color |
Reducing Sugar Present |
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1 – Potato |
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2 – Onion |
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3 – Glucose Solution |
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4 – Water |
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5 – Unknown |
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Post-Lab Questions
1. What can you conclude about the molecular make-up of potatoes and onions based on the test you performed? Why might these foods contain these substance(s)?
2. What results would you expect if you tested ribose, a monosaccharide, with Benedict’s solution? Biuret solution?
Experiment 3: What Household Substances are Acidic or Basic?
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 4: pH Values of Common Household Substances
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Substance |
pH Prediction |
pH Test Strip Color |
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Post-Lab Questions
1. What is the purpose of determining the pH of the acetic acid and the sodium bicarbonate solution before testing the other household substances?
2. Compare and contrast acids and bases in terms of their H+ ion and OH– ion concentrations.
3. Name two acids and two bases you often use.
1. Place four packets of unflavored gelatin in a bowl. Add 4 cups of hot water to the bowl. Do not refrigerate
the mixture yet!
Note: You do not need to heat the water in a microwave. Simply run tap water until it feels warm to the touch.
2. Label each resealable bag as either “Plant Cell” or “Animal Cell”. These will serve as the cell membrane.
3. Construct a cell wall using the aluminum foil. This should be large enough to fit the resealable bag when filled with half of the gelatin and some of the cell structures.
Hint: It is helpful to make this square-shaped.
4. Using your knowledge of the cell structures (rought component of endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, chloroplasts) think of household items which
can represent these structures. Find and collect these items for use in this experiment.
Hint: Colored paper may bleed when placed in gelatin.
5. Open the resealable bag labeled “Plant Cell” and pour half of the liquid gelatin into it.7. Add the items which represent plant cell structures (you must determine which items!) into the gelatin and tightly close the bag. If there is an “organelle” present in both plant and animal cells make sure to leave enough to be included in the animal cell.
6. Place the bag in the aluminum foil cell wall.
7. Open the resealable bag labeled “Animal Cell” and pour the remainder of the gelatin into it.
8. Add the items which represent animal cell structures (you must determine which items!) into the gelatin and tightly close the bag.
9. Place both “cells” into the refrigerator for 24 hours.
10. Return after 24 hours and observe the “cells” you have made. Notice the difference between the animal cell and the plant cell.
This contains 100% correct material for UMUC Biology 103 LAB05. However, this is an Answer Key, which means, you should put it in your own words. Here is a sample for the Pre lab questions answered:
Pre-Lab Questions
1. What major events occur during interphase?
The cell functions at its job, and prepares for mitosis by collecting resources and duplicating organelles (G1) and genetic content (S), then creating proteins needed for nuclear division (G2).
2. A person, residing in a location where they are exposed to the sun often, develops a mutation in some of their skin cells resulting in cancer. Consider whether their offspring will be born with the same mutation. Use scientific evidence to support your answer.
It would be highly unlikely that the person’s offspring will be born with same skin cancer mutation because the mutation occurred in the person’s skin cells. Skin cells are somatic cells (body cells) and are not involved in meiosis or reproduction. For the mutation to be passed on to the offspring, a sex cell (sperm or egg) would have to carry the mutation.
The other questions that will be answered:
Experiment 1: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through Meiosis
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Trial 1 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram:
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase I
Cytokinesis
Trial 2 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram:
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase I
Cytokinesis
Post-Lab Questions
1. What is the ploidy of the DNA at the end of meiosis I? What about at the end of meiosis II
2. How are meiosis I and meiosis II different?
3. Why do you use non-sister chromatids to demonstrate crossing over?
4. What combinations of alleles could result from a crossover between BD and bd chromosomes?
5. How many chromosomes were present when meiosis I started?
6. How many nuclei are present at the end of meiosis II? How many chromosomes are in each?
7. Identify two ways that meiosis contributes to genetic recombination.
8. Why is it necessary to reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes, but not in other cells?
9. Blue whales have 44 chromosomes in every cell. Determine how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following:
i. Sperm Cell:
ii. Egg Cell:
iii. Daughter Cell from Mitosis:
iv. Daughter Cell from Meiosis II:
10. Research and find a disease that is caused by chromosomal mutations. When does the mutation occur? What chromosomes are affected? What are the consequences?
11. Diagram what would happen if sexual reproduction took place for four generations using diploid (2n) cells.
Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
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Post-Lab Questions
1. Record your hypothesis from Step 1 in the Procedure section here.
2. What do your results indicate about cell cycle control?
3. Suppose a person developed a mutation in a somatic cell which diminishes the performance of the body’s natural cell cycle control proteins. This mutation resulted in cancer, but was effectively treated with a cocktail of cancer-fighting techniques. Is it possible for this person’s future children to inherit this cancer-causing mutation? Be specific when you explain why or why not.
4. Why do cells which lack cell cycle control exhibit karyotypes which look physically different than cells with normal cell cycle.
5. What are HeLa cells? Why are HeLa cells appropriate for this experiment?
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