A PICOT Question

A PICOT question has five components. It identifies a specific patient population, the intervention used in managing the people, and a comparison to a population that does not receive the intervention. It evaluates the outcome and the time needed to implement the intervention. The PICOT question for my capstone change project: Among patients receiving surgical nursing care, does a low nurse-patient ratio improve recovery rates compared to a high nurse-patient ratio (due to nursing shortage) over five months? A literature review is integral to any research to evaluate how the currently available research supports the question at hand.

A Comparison of Research Questions

Abhicharttibutra et al. (2017) propose three qualitative research questions. How did the Production and Development of Educational Management in Nursing (PIPDEMN) get onto the government agenda? What were the development processes of the PIPDEMN? How was the PIPDEMN implemented? The three research questions seek to identify and describe the process of policymaking used by the Thai government to increase nursing capacity and education quality. This helps to identify the key stakeholders involved in policy formulation. When nurses are affected, the problem of nursing shortage is likely to be addressed and lead to the improvement of the quality of services provided.

Buerhaus et al. (2017) propose a hypothesis on the challenges nurses face in the USA. Registered nurses will face four main problems in the next 20 years (Buerhaus et al., 2017). The problems include an ageing task force, the uncertainty of health care reform, the shortage and uneven distribution of physicians, and an increased number of retirees. This has led to a decrease in the quality of services delivered by nurses. The research question proposed by Drennan & Ross (2019): What is known about current nurse workforces and shortages, and what can be done to forestall such shortages? The question seeks to address the problem of nursing shortage that has been reported.

Haryanto (2019) proposes a hypothesis that states that nursing shortage is a global challenge. The challenge has led to burnout, stress, and a reduction in the productivity of the workforce. According to Zhang et al. (2018), the demand for registered nurses will exceed the supply from 2016 to 2030. This hypothesis reveals that the nursing shortage problem will worsen in the future. This suggests that the issue of decreased service delivery quality is likely to be compounded. Weaver et al. (2018) hypothesised that the nursing shortage creates a burden of care for families whose children receive palliative care. The nursing shortage has a time, economic and psychological impact on the families of children receiving palliative care.

According to Scheffler & Arnold (2019), the demand for doctors and nurses will increase by 2030, compounding the nursing shortage problem. Mar? et al. (2019) formulate a research question to determine the causes of nursing shortage and the impact of the existing policies. This can help address the problem by ensuring the best approaches are adopted.

A Comparison of Sample Populations

The study by Abhicharttibutra et al. (2017) focuses on the informants who were initially involved in the policymaking process of PIPDEMN. Buerhaus et al. (2017) target the nursing workforce in the USA, whereas Drennan & Ross (2019) review published documents from international organizations. The sample for the study conducted by Haryanto (2019) is published papers such as the fact sheet of the American Association of College of Nursing.

Mar? et al. (2019) analyze national listings and strategic documents for nursing policy in Poland. Scheffler & Arnold (2019) target 32 countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Weaver et al. (2018) target families of children receiving inpatient pediatric palliative care consultation during admission. Zhang et al. (2018) performed a linear regression analysis of national listings of demand and supply of nurses in the 50 states of the USA.

A Comparison of the Limitations of the Study

Drennan & Ross (2019) note that international policies fail to consider nurses’ demographic profiles, career paths, and remuneration. Haryanto (2019) and Drennan & Ross (2019) reported a similar limitation: limited access to data. The end is attributed to insufficient published documents from national and international organizations. Time constraints were written by Abhicharttibutra et al. (2017). Time constraints hindered access to all critical informants targeted by the study. Weaver et al. (2018) reported a small sample and noted that the impact of nursing shortage may differ across the USA. Zhang et al. (2018) note that the study excluded the possibility of foreign nurses entering the country. This can lead to an underestimation of the supply of registered nurses.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The nursing shortage is a global problem that should be addressed promptly. A review of the research literature identified research questions that seek to implement policies that address the issue. The primary study limitations placed during the literature review are time constraints, ends in the sample size, limited access to data, and failure to consider the remuneration and demographics of nurses.

Several recommendations have been proposed. Nurses should be actively involved in policy formulation to address the nursing shortage. Scholarships and incentives should be provided to qualified nursing applicants. The number of training nursing training institutions should be increased to accommodate all qualified applicants. A data-informed, country-specific model of the routes of supply and demand should be used to address the nursing shortage. It requires evidence-informed policy and resource allocation at national, sub-national, and organisational levels. Hospital patient care unit managers and human resource officers should be involved in identifying the causes of the main problems of the workforce and informing both the federal and state governments.

References

Abhicharttibutra, K., Kunaviktikul, W., Turale, S., Wichaikhum, O. A., & Srisuphan, W. (2017). Analysis of a Government Policy to Address Nursing Shortage and Nursing Education Quality. International Nursing Review, 64(1), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12257

Buerhaus, P. I., Skinner, L. E., Auerbach, D. I., & Staiger, D. O. (2017). Four Challenges Facing the Nursing Workforce in the United States. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 8(2), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2155-8256(17)30097-2

Drennan, V. M., & Ross, F. (2019). Global Nurse Shortages – The Facts, the Impact, and Action for Change. British Medical Bulletin, 130(1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldz014

Haryanto, M. (2019). Nursing Shortage: Myth or Fact? Orthopaedic Nursing, 38(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/NOR.0000000000000535

Mar?, M., Bartosiewicz, A., Burzy?ska, J., Chmiel, Z., & Januszewicz, P. (2019). A Nursing Shortage – A Prospect of Global and Local Policies. International Nursing Review, 66(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12473

Scheffler, R. M., & Arnold, D. R. (2019). Projecting Shortages and Surpluses of Doctors and Nurses in the OECD: What Looms Ahead. Health Economics, Policy, and Law, 14(2), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174413311700055X

Weaver, M. S., Wichman, B., Bach, S., Schroeder, D., Vail, C., Wichman, C., & MacFadyen, A. (2018). Measuring the Impact of the Home Health Nursing Shortage on Family Caregivers of Children Receiving Palliative Care. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing, 20(3), 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1097/NJH.0000000000000436

Zhang, X., Tai, D., Pforsich, H., & Lin, V. W. (2018). United States Registered Nurse Workforce Report Card and Shortage Forecast: A Revisit. American Journal of Medical Quality, 33(3), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1062860617738328

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I have attached my PICOT question paper and the Literature Eval table paper to help. Let me know if you need anything else. Also, are you familiar with this assignment? Thanks again.

A PICOT Question

While the implementation plan prepares students to apply their research to the problem or issue they have identified for their capstone project change proposal, the literature review enables students to map out and move into the project’s active planning and development stages.

A literature review analyzes how current research supports the PICOT and identifies what is known and not in the evidence. Students will use the information from the earlier PICOT Question Paper and Literature Evaluation

Table assignments to develop a 750-1,000 word review that includes the following sections:

• Title page
• Introduction section
• A comparison of research questions
• A comparison of sample populations
• A comparison of the limitations of the study
• A conclusion section incorporating recommendations for further research

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines in the APA Style Guide in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.